Muscle mechanics and energy expenditure of the triceps surae during rearfoot and forefoot running

Ah, Gruber; Br, Umberger; Miller, RH; Hamill, Joseph

doi:10.1101/424853

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Even though the majority of runners has a heel strike [>88% of runners in a competitive road race with 936 runners ( 39 )] it is still not applicable to all runners. Another foot strike pattern is related to another GRF waveform pattern ( 40 ), thus the model should still be validated for other foot strike patterns. Another limitation in this study is the relatively low amount of participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating 3D ground reaction forces in running using three inertial measurement units

Scheltinga

Kok

Buurke

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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To understand the mechanisms causing running injuries, it is crucial to get insights into biomechanical loading in the runners' environment. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) describe the external forces on the body during running, however, measuring these forces is usually only possible in a gait laboratory. Previous studies show that it is possible to use inertial measurement units (IMUs) to estimate vertical forces, however, forces in anterior-posterior direction play an important role in the push-off. Furthermore, to perform an inverse dynamics approach, for modelling tissue specific loads, 3D GRFs are needed as input. Therefore, the goal of this work was to estimate 3D GRFs using three inertial measurement units. Twelve rear foot strike runners did nine trials at three different velocities (10, 12 and 14 km/h) and three stride frequencies (preferred and preferred ± 10%) on an instrumented treadmill. Then, data from IMUs placed on the pelvis and lower legs were used as input for artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate 3D GRFs. Additionally, estimated vertical GRF from a physical model was used as input to create a hybrid machine learning model. Using different splits in validation and training data, different ANNs were fitted and assembled into an ensemble model. Leave-one-subject-out cross-validation was used to validate the models. Performance of the machine learning, hybrid machine learning and a physical model were compared. The estimated vs. measured GRF for the hybrid model had a RMSE normalized over the full range of values of 10.8, 7.8 and 6.8% and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.58, 0.91, 0.97 for the mediolateral direction, posterior-anterior and vertical direction respectively. Performance for the three compared models was similar. The ensemble models showed higher model accuracy compared to the ensemble-members. This study is the first to estimate 3D GRF during continuous running from IMUs and shows that it is possible to estimate GRF in posterior-anterior and vertical direction, making it possible to estimate these forces in the outdoor setting. This step towards quantification of biomechanical load in the runners' environment is helpful to gain a better understanding of the development of running injuries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating 3D ground reaction forces in running using three inertial measurement units

Scheltinga

Kok

Buurke

et al. 2023

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…47 The lower-extremity joint angles were analyzed at initial contact (IC) and at midstance (34%-66% stance phase). 19 The maximum values of joint angles in the sagittal plane during the stance phase were analyzed. A foot strike index determined the foot strike pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,16 Different running biomechanics such as footfall patterns, running speed, or running in different conditions affect the AT loading during running. [17][18][19][20][21] A large volume of published cross-sectional or retrospective studies have described the biomechanical factors associated with AT injuries in runners. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Runners with AT injury have greater ankle dorsiflexion and eversion during the loading phase of running.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Running-Related Achilles Tendon Injury: A Prospective Biomechanical Study in Recreational Runners

Skypala

Hamill

Sebera

et al. 2023

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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There are relatively few running studies that have attempted to prospectively identify biomechanical risk factors associated with Achilles tendon (AT) injuries. Therefore, the aim was to prospectively determine potential running biomechanical risk factors associated with the development of AT injuries in recreational, healthy runners. At study entry, 108 participants completed a set of questionnaires. They underwent an analysis of their running biomechanics at self-selected running speed. The incidence of AT running-related injuries (RRI) was assessed after 1-year using a weekly questionnaire standardized for RRI. Potential biomechanical risk factors for the development of AT RRI injury were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Of the 103 participants, 25% of the sample (15 males and 11 females) reported an AT RRI on the right lower limb during the 1-year evaluation period. A more flexed knee at initial contact (odds ratio = 1.146, P = .034) and at the midstance phase (odds ratio = 1.143, P = .037) were significant predictors for developing AT RRI. The results suggested that a 1-degree increase in knee flexion at initial contact and midstance was associated with a 15% increase in the risk of an AT RRI, thus causing a limitation of training or a stoppage of running in runners.

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“…Despite this energetic advantage, FFS is consistently reported to be energetically inefficient [43,44], probably because storing energy in passive structures requires muscle contraction [45]. Therefore, it may be concluded that saving and releasing energy in the plantarflexor muscles may not significantly reduce the whole-body metabolic cost of running with a forefoot strike pattern [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ankle Joint Dynamic Stiffness in Long-Distance Runners: Effect of Foot Strike and Shoes Features

et al. 2019

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Foot strike mode and footwear features are known to affect ankle joint kinematics and loading patterns, but how those factors are related to the ankle dynamic properties is less clear. In our study, two distinct samples of experienced long-distance runners: habitual rearfoot strikers (n = 10) and habitual forefoot strikers (n = 10), were analysed while running at constant speed on an instrumented treadmill in three footwear conditions. The joint dynamic stiffness was analysed for three subphases of the moment–angle plot: early rising, late rising and descending. Habitual rearfoot strikers displayed a statistically (p < 0.05) higher ankle dynamic stiffness in all combinations of shoes and subphases, except in early stance in supportive shoes. In minimal-supportive shoes, both groups had the lowest dynamic stiffness values for early and late rising (initial contact through mid-stance), whilst the highest stiffness values were at late rising in minimal shoes for both rearfoot and forefoot strikers (0.21 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.06 (Nm/kg/°∙100), respectively). In conclusion, habitual forefoot strikers may have access to a wider physiological range of the muscle torque and joint angle. This increased potential may allow forefoot strikers to adapt to different footwear by regulating ankle dynamic stiffness depending upon the motor task.

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Muscle mechanics and energy expenditure of the triceps surae during rearfoot and forefoot running

Cited by 4 publications

References 55 publications

Estimating 3D ground reaction forces in running using three inertial measurement units

Estimating 3D ground reaction forces in running using three inertial measurement units

Running-Related Achilles Tendon Injury: A Prospective Biomechanical Study in Recreational Runners

Ankle Joint Dynamic Stiffness in Long-Distance Runners: Effect of Foot Strike and Shoes Features

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