Muscle fiber diameter and muscle type distribution following free microvascular muscle transfers: A prospective study

Kauhanen, M. Susanna C.; Salmi, Asko; Boguslawsky, E. Kristina Von; Leivo, Ilmo; Asko‐Seljavaara, Sirpa

doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2752(1998)18:2<137::aid-micr13>3.0.co;2-z

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Denervation atrophy is reported in both the human and veterinary literature after free muscle transfer 16,21,35,56,57 . Atrophy following free tissue transfer is reported to be fiber type specific with preferential atrophy of type-1 muscle fibers 56 .…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

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Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle in Dogs

et al. 2002

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Objective— To assess donor‐site morbidity and survival of the rectus abdominis muscle with an overlying skin graft after free tissue transfer to a medial femorotibial defect in dogs. Study Design— Experimental study. Sample Population— Phase 1:6 canine cadavers; phase 2:7 adult mixed‐breed dogs. Methods— Phase 1: The rectus abdominis muscle was removed from canine cadavers, muscular and vascular dimensions were recorded, and angiography was performed. Phase 2: Muscular transfer was performed through anastomosis of the caudal epigastric artery and vein to the saphenous artery and medial saphenous vein. Transferred tissues were evaluated on postoperative days 3, 6, 10, and 13. Animals were examined daily until euthanasia between postoperative days 31 and 42. Postmortem angiograms were performed and tissues collected for histopathologic evaluation. Results— Phase 1: Appropriate vascular dimensions for microvascular anastomosis were confirmed and surgical technique perfected. Phase 2: Muscular excision produced minimal donor‐site morbidity. All muscles survived after microvascular transfer and angiography confirmed vascular patency. All of the skin grafts survived, with one graft undergoing partial necrosis. Conclusions— The rectus abdominis muscle can be successfully transferred to a medial femorotibial defect and can serve as a bed for acute skin grafting. No significant donor‐site morbidity is associated with its removal. Clinical Relevance— Microvascular free tissue transfer of the canine rectus abdominis muscle has not been previously described. This technique provides a new alternative for repair of appropriate wounds. Additional studies are needed to define its utility in clinical patients.

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supporting

confidence: 88%

“…Atrophy following free tissue transfer is reported to be fiber type specific with preferential atrophy of type-1 muscle fibers 56 . Increased muscle atrophy is associated with prolonged immobilization and post-operative infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle in Dogs

et al. 2002

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“…In contrast with the well known rodent model (see above), one-year after spinal cord injury the LMN denervated human muscles still present simple atrophy. As was described in the rabbit model (see above), in a 60-case series of human vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from subjects suffering traumatic SCI, we observed that human muscle fibers undergo atrophy, not degeneration oneyear after LMN denervation [55,57], confirming and extending preliminary results of prospective bioptic studies of human free flap muscle transfers, which showed that at nine-month after surgery the denervated muscle fibers only decreased in size [53]. On the other hand, characteristic denervation-induced muscle fiber disorganization is documented by electron microscopy, much earlier than severe atrophy in both animal models [9,10], and humans [18,55,57], thus, explaining the early functional impairments of the LMN denervated muscle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Strong corroborating evidence was collected analyzing expression of myogenesis-related genes in denervated rat muscles [4,70,98]. Beside in LMN denervation due to SCI, regeneration of muscle fibers in human LMN denervated muscle had been reported in cases of free microvascular muscle transfers up to 4 years after surgery, when activation of satellite cells was evident [52,53]. In muscle biopsies harvested from three and more years after surgical transplant of free muscle flaps, among small muscle fibers, MHCemb-positive myofibers were demonstrated by the specific monoclonal antibody [97].…”

Section: Satellite Cell Activation Replication and Fusion Produce Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Permanent LMN denervation of human skeletal muscle and recovery by h-b FES: management and monitoring

et al. 2010

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Denervation of a defined skeletal muscle is due to lower motor neuron (LMN) or peripheral nerve lesions that have major consequences on the muscle tissue. After early atrophy, the midand late-phases presents two very contrasting myofibers populations: beside those severely atrophic with internalized groups of myonuclei, large fast-type muscle fibers continue to be present 4 to 6 years after Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Recent results of rat experiments provides the rational basis for understanding the residual functional characteristics of the long-term denervated muscle and the molecular explanation of its ability to respond to home-base functional electrical stimulation (h-b FES) using custom-designed electrodes and stimulators. Further outcomes of the Vienna-Padova ten-year collaboration are: 1. a world-unique MyoBank of muscle biopsies and 2. improved imaging procedures (Color Computer Tomography (CT) scan and Functional Echomyography), all demonstrating that h-b FES induces improvements in muscle contractility, tissue composition and mass, despite permanent LMN denervation. The benefits of h-b FES could be extended from patents suffering with complete Conus-Cauda Syndrome to the numerous patients with incomplete LMN denervation of skeletal muscles to determine whether h-b FES reduces secondary complications related to disuse and impaired blood perfusion (reduction in bone density, risk of bone fracture, decubitus ulcers, and pulmonary thromboembolism). We are confident that translation of the results of a clinical experiment, the EU Project RISE, to the larger cohort of incomplete LMN denervated muscles will provide the wanted results. Key Words: LMN denervation, human skeletal muscle, managements, monitorings, h-b FES, Color CT scan, ultra sonography, Functional Echomyography Lower motor neuron (LMN) muscle denervation is a major clinical and experimental problem that attracted attention of biologists, physiologists and of the medical community even before the modern scientific era. The major issues for decades have been the nature of the neurotrophic influence and the denervationreinnervation constrains. A principal query was whether there is a trophic function of the neuron that is distinct from its role in impulse conduction and transmission, the neurothrophic hypothesis, a concept suggested by the centuries-old question of Prochaska (1784), cited in Gutmann, 1962 [44]. Much of this has been excellently reviewed by Midrio [77] and Carlson [23]. In the medical literature other major issues are the neurodegenerative disorders, where partial muscle h-b FES of denervated muscle: management and monitoring European Journal Translational Myology -Myology Reviews 1 (3): [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104] 2010 -92 -denervation and reinnervation occurs concomitantly to the muscle disease process [22,110]. The ethiopathogenic analyses of these processes are difficult since pathomechanisms of denervation ought to be distinguished from those of a progressively insufficient reinner...

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“…Only few papers have described LDM fiber type distribution using histochemical or immunohistochemical methods [13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 27, 28] and only one study has also considered the mechanical characteristics [13], although this aspect was not analysed extensively as the main focus was on the regeneration and reinnervation processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myosin Isoforms and Contractile Properties of Single Fibers of Human Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

Paoli

Pacelli

Cancellara

et al. 2013

BioMed Research International

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The aim of our study was to investigate fiber type distribution and contractile characteristics of Latissimus Dorsi muscle (LDM). Samples were collected from 18 young healthy subjects (9 males and 9 females) through percutaneous fine needle muscle biopsy. The results showed a predominance of fast myosin heavy chain isoforms (MyHC) with 42% of MyHC 2A and 25% of MyHC 2X, while MyHC 1 represented only 33%. The unbalance toward fast isoforms was even greater in males (71%) than in females (64%). Fiber type distribution partially reflected MyHC isoform distribution with 28% type 1/slow fibers and 5% hybrid 1/2A fibers, while fast fibers were divided into 30% type 2A, 31% type A/X, 4% type X, and 2% type 1/2X. Type 1/slow fibers were not only less abundant but also smaller in cross-sectional area than fast fibers. During maximal isometric contraction, type 1/slow fibers developed force and tension significantly lower than the two major groups of fast fibers. In conclusion, the predominance of fast fibers and their greater size and strength compared to slow fibers reveal that LDM is a muscle specialized mainly in phasic and powerful activity. Importantly, such specialization is more pronounced in males than in females.

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Muscle fiber diameter and muscle type distribution following free microvascular muscle transfers: A prospective study

Cited by 30 publications

References 29 publications

Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle in Dogs

Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle in Dogs

Permanent LMN denervation of human skeletal muscle and recovery by h-b FES: management and monitoring

Myosin Isoforms and Contractile Properties of Single Fibers of Human Latissimus Dorsi Muscle

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