Muscle dysmorphia in different degrees of bodybuilding activities: Validation of the Italian version of Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory and Bodybuilder Image Grid

Santarnecchi, Emiliano; Dèttore, Davide

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.03.006

Cited by 64 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Body image problems, especially Muscle Dysmorphia disorder, seem to be associated with substance abuse in athletes. [12,14,30,31,32,33] This is relatively in accordance with the findings of this study where satisfaction of one's body parts (a subgroup of body image) Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders seemed to be associated with substance abuse. Most likely, using a specific questionnaire to assess muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders instead of using Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire could have lead to finding a stronger relationship between body image and substance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Association between Psycho-Socio-Demographic Factors and Substance Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders

Angoorani¹

2015

AJSS

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Background: This study was conducted to investigate the association between psycho-socio-demographic factors and substance abuse in Iranian male bodybuilders. Material and methods: 906 male bodybuilders from 103 randomly selected gymnasia in Tehran participated in this research. By interviews via questionnaires, the following data over age, employment, average monthly family income, family size, gymnasium area (m 2 ), number of trainers, number of gymnasium members, initiation time (months), weekly duration of sporting activity (hours), monthly cost of sporting activity, purpose of participating in sporting activity, mental health as well as body image (via General Health Questionnaire and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire, respectively), and history of substance abuse were collected. Results: All samples were male bodybuilders within the age range of 14 to 56 years (25/7+/-7/1). Substance abuse was reported in 140 (15/5%) of the subjects. Amphetamine was reported as the most commonly-used illicit drug (13/2%). Monthly family income, number of family members, enhancement of self-esteem, maintaining fitness, and satisfaction over body parts were associated with substance abuse. Conclusion: Some psycho-socio-demographic factors including family income, family size, enhancement of self-esteem, maintaining fitness, and satisfaction over body parts were associated with substance abuse among male bodybuilders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Association between Psycho-Socio-Demographic Factors and Substance Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders

Angoorani¹

2015

AJSS

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“…The MDDI showed adequate convergent/divergent validity (Hildebrandt et al, 2004). The MDDI was developed in the English language, and it has been translated and adapted to various languages and cultures, including Italy (Santarnecchi & Dèttore, 2012) and Portugal (Soler, of 151 male and female bodybuilders and weight lifters. In that study, all the subscales showed acceptable internal reliability .…”

Section: Mddimentioning

confidence: 99%

A reliability generalization meta‐analysis of self‐report measures of muscle dysmorphia.

Rubio‐Aparicio¹,

Badenes‐Ribera²,

Sánchez‐Meca³

et al. 2020

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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This study is a reliability generalization meta‐analysis that reviews continuous measures used to assess muscle dysmorphia (MD): The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale, Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory, four different versions of the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory, Adonis Complex Questionnaire, and the Modified Dysmorphia Symptoms Questionnaire. A total of 15,156 individuals from 61 studies provided 73 reliability estimates (alpha coefficients and/or test–retest reliability coefficients) for this meta‐analysis. Random‐ and mixed‐effects models were applied in the statistical analyses. We present the average reliability estimates for each measure, moderator analysis of reliability estimates across a wide variety of study characteristics, and the reliability induction rate. In light of this, we make specific recommendations for researchers and health practitioners seeking to measure MD.

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“…Moreover, the symptoms experienced by competing and non-natural bodybuilders tend to be more severe (Santarnecchi & Dèttore, 2012). Baghurst and Lirgg (2009), however, observed nonsignificant differences in MD symptoms between natural and non-natural bodybuilders other than in pharmacological use.…”

Section: Characteristics and Manifestations Of Muscle Dysmorphiamentioning

confidence: 88%

Social Physique Anxiety and Muscle Dysmorphia

Dobersek¹

2017

Applied Exercise Psychology

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Social physique anxiety (SPA) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have the body as a common denominator. These constructs both involve concerns with either others or one's own perceptions about the body or specific physical features; SPA involves concern about the evaluation of others while BDD involves concern over self-perceptions. This chapter provides definitions and information on diagnostic and statistical elements of SPA, BDD, and muscle dysmorphia (MD) which is a particular type of BDD. Psychological, physiological, and environmental factors implicated in the experience of these constructs are outlined as well as potential co-morbidities. Despite the wide range of physical and psychological benefits derived from exercise and physical activity, evidence suggests that these involvements can have negative effects for some individuals with SPA and MD. Consulting, counseling, and pharmacological strategies for addressing SPA and MD are outlined including commentary on cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), antidepressants (e.g., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), and a combination thereof.In this chapter we first provide commentary on the theoretical background of the mechanisms that play an essential role in development of SPA and MD among exercisers and physically active individuals. Main topics and associated concepts are introduced in vignettes to illustrate experiences of SPA and MD, and how they relate to exercise and physical activity. We then describe variables that have been linked to SPA and MD, including potential causes, moderators, mediators, and other correlates. Finally, we provide theoretically grounded recommendations for the professionals working with the physically active individuals who 2 portray symptoms of SPA and/or MD and provide suggested readings for further exploration in the area. Anna's Experiences: Social Physique AnxietyAnna, a 25-year old high-school teacher, felt that she was an attractive woman except, perhaps, for a few "extra" pounds. She decided that joining the fitness center to more regularly engage in exercise would put her on the path to losing those extra pounds. Anna had second thoughts, when it came time to start her membership. She started worrying that everyone in the gym would stare at her heft and that she would make a fool of herself because of her lack of knowledge on how to operate the machines. Even the thought of going to the gym started causing her to break out in a sweat, get flush, and have a racing heart. Sally, Anna's best friend, realized the distress Anna was experiencing and offered to come along to support her during her workouts. Although she still felt uneasy and anxious, she was able to get over her fears enough to attend her very first session at the gym. She still, however, felt as though she was "on display"and that everyone was critiquing her size and shape. Even so, her motivation and social support allowed her to make three workouts per week until she had finally lost 10lbs. Sally recognized Anna's progress by saying: "You look amazing! I...

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Muscle dysmorphia in different degrees of bodybuilding activities: Validation of the Italian version of Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory and Bodybuilder Image Grid

Cited by 64 publications

References 22 publications

The Association between Psycho-Socio-Demographic Factors and Substance Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders

The Association between Psycho-Socio-Demographic Factors and Substance Abuse in Iranian Male Bodybuilders

A reliability generalization meta‐analysis of self‐report measures of muscle dysmorphia.

Social Physique Anxiety and Muscle Dysmorphia

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