Muscle dimensions of the foot in the orangutan and the chimpanzee

Oishi, Motoharu; Ogihara, Naomichi; Endo, Hideki; Une, Yumi; Ichihara, Nobutsune; Asari, Masao; Amasaki, Hajime

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01545.x

Cited by 11 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“… In two chimpanzees (C3, and C4), the abductor digiti minimi muscle (ADM), the flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (FDMB), and the opponens digiti minimi muscle (ODM) were fused with one another (Oishi et al. ). Therefore, we measured the total PCSA of the three muscles for those two individuals and divided the PCSA into two groups (ADM and FDMB + ODM) based on the PCSA ratio obtained from other three chimpanzees (57.4 and 42.6%, respectively).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particularly, in the orangutans, the first dorsal interosseous muscle had the greatest force‐generating potential among all intrinsic foot muscles (Oishi et al. ; see also Table ). These remarkable differences are not too surprising, as orangutans are phylogenetically and functionally differentiated from African apes and humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data of four chimpanzees (C1, C3, C4, and C5), one gorilla (G1), and two orangutans (O4 and O5) were taken from our previous studies (Oishi et al. , ), but the rest of the data were newly obtained by dissecting additional specimens, as presented in Table . The bonobo is the property of the Japan Monkey Centre (Aichi, Japan).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specimens listed in Table were dissected and muscle dimensions were determined as described in our previous reports (Oishi et al. ,b, ). During dissection, the muscles shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For multivariate analyses, we added data obtained from new dissections to our previously published data on intrinsic foot muscles (Oishi et al. , ). Data from human foot muscles were taken from published accounts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

et al. 2018

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Comparative analysis of the foot muscle architecture among extant great apes is important for understanding the evolution of the human foot and, hence, human habitual bipedal walking. However, to our knowledge, there is no previous report of a quantitative comparison of hominoid intrinsic foot muscle dimensions. In the present study, we quantitatively compared muscle dimensions of the hominoid foot by means of multivariate analysis. The foot muscle mass and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of five chimpanzees, one bonobo, two gorillas, and six orangutans were obtained by our own dissections, and those of humans were taken from published accounts. The muscle mass and PCSA were respectively divided by the total mass and total PCSA of the intrinsic muscles of the entire foot for normalization. Variations in muscle architecture among human and extant great apes were quantified based on principal component analysis. Our results demonstrated that the muscle architecture of the orangutan was the most distinctive, having a larger first dorsal interosseous muscle and smaller abductor hallucis brevis muscle. On the other hand, the gorilla was found to be unique in having a larger abductor digiti minimi muscle. Humans were distinguished from extant great apes by a larger quadratus plantae muscle. The chimpanzee and the bonobo appeared to have very similar muscle architecture, with an intermediate position between the human and the orangutan. These differences (or similarities) in architecture of the intrinsic foot muscles among humans and great apes correspond well to the differences in phylogeny, positional behavior, and locomotion.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specimens listed in Table were dissected and muscle dimensions were determined as described in our previous reports (Oishi et al. ,b, ). During dissection, the muscles shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

et al. 2018

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Arrangement of foot interosseous muscles in African great apes

Hirasaki

Oishi

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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ObjectivesThe dorsal interossei of the human foot are arranged so that they abduct the digits around the second digit, while those of non‐hominoid anthropoid primates are mostly arranged around the third or fourth digit. This is thought to relate to the medial shift in the functional axis, an essential modification in the evolution of the human foot. However, studies of the arrangement of interosseous muscles are relatively limited and there is some debate about their arrangement in great apes. In particular, some researchers claim that the interossei of chimpanzees are arranged around the second digit, whereas others claim that their foot axis lies on the third digit.Materials and MethodsWe examined the arrangement of the foot interosseous muscles in ten chimpanzees, one bonobo, and three gorillas.ResultsThe interossei were arranged around the second digit in two chimpanzees, one bonobo, and one gorilla, whereas the third digit was the axis in the other specimens.DiscussionsThe variation observed suggests that the arrangement of the interosseous muscles of the great apes is in a transitional condition from monkey‐type to human‐type. Considering that osteological and foot pressure research supports the idea that the foot axis is on the second digit in great apes, modification in the interosseous muscles appears to lag behind modification in the metatarsals and foot motion.

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Linking the proximal tibiofibular joint to hominid locomotion: A morphometric study of extant species

Pietrobelli

Sorrentino

Benazzi

et al. 2023

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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ObjectivesWe perform a comparative assessment of shape variation of the proximal fibula in extant humans and great apes, intending to investigate the possible link between proximal fibular shape and locomotor patterns.MethodsOur sample includes 94 fibulae of 37 Homo sapiens, 15 Gorilla, 17 Pongo, and 25 Pan. Fibular morphology was investigated through three‐dimensional (semi)landmark‐based geometric morphometric methods.ResultsWe found unique features of the human fibular head compared to that of great apes (i.e., oblique articular surface, the presence of the styloid process, specific morphology of muscle attachment sites), supporting the functional role of this bone in relation to human obligate bipedalism. Great apes also showed distinctive traits in their proximal fibula morphology, in agreement with differences in locomotor behavior.ConclusionThe morphology of the proximal fibula in extant humans and great apes is indicative of locomotor behavior, offering the potential for the comparative analysis of fossil hominin remains.

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Muscle dimensions of the foot in the orangutan and the chimpanzee

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

Multivariate analysis of variations in intrinsic foot musculature among hominoids

Arrangement of foot interosseous muscles in African great apes

Linking the proximal tibiofibular joint to hominid locomotion: A morphometric study of extant species

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