Muscle Devitalization in High-energy Missile Wounds, and Its Dependence on Energy Transfer

Janzon, B.; Seeman, T

doi:10.1097/00005373-198502000-00009

Cited by 43 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The factor that most affects the injury severity is the amount and the efficiency of energy transfer [1][2][3][4][5], which is mostly related to kinetic energy that is presented by the equation…”

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following that, the bore (the evenly hollowed out inner part of the barrel) traps the gases that expand and reach velocities greater than the missile, further accelerating and destabilizing it for a short distance [13,15]. The terms "low-velocity" and "high-velocity" although very common, can be very misleading [1,16]. Although shotguns are technically low-velocity weapons, they cause major softtissue, nerve, vascular, bone, and joint injuries [2,17,18], resulting in a mortality rate nearly twice that attributable to other weapons.…”

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under these conditions its initial direction, strikes the target. If a bullet wobbles and then tumbles to 90° to its initial direction, maximal energy transfer is achieved [1,5]. The highly complex action of spin on a yawing bullet (precession), combined with a second complicated motion of higher frequency and lower amplitude (nutation), will cause the projectile to rotate in a rosette pattern of motion, imparting stability analogous to a spinning top [13,15] (Fig.…”

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The choke is a partial constriction of the bore at the muzzle that condenses and controls the shot pattern. Tighter the barrel end, smaller is the spread of pellets and greater the length of the shot column [1]. The injury and spread of the bullet is reversely related to the distance from the target (the pellets separate slightly less than 1 in/yd when moving from 2 to 100 yd) [17,25] and the barrel length (a minimum of 18 in.…”

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Wound Ballistics and Tissue Damage

Rozen

Dudkiewicz

2011

Armed Conflict Injuries to the Extremities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With globally increasing war, conflicts and terrorism acts, blast or bullet limb injuries are seen more often and present a surgical challenge.The amount of tissue damage and the injury severity of gunshot injuries are due to the energy transmitted by the bullets or projectiles, depending mainly on their velocity. Therefore, the injuries are not divided any more, as in the past, to "high-and low-velocity injury" but to "a high-or low-energy injury."Blast injuries are also energy related and mainly dependent upon the distance from the blast, the energy released from the bombing device, the media (air or water) and the environment in which the blast takes place (close or open). Although the injury may look superficial, it might be much worse and the external wound is sometimes only the tip of the iceberg. Bullet and Projectile BallisticsProjectile or bullet injuries may be classified as "lowenergy" or "high-energy," which describe the amount of damage to the tissues. The factor that most affects the injury severity is the amount and the efficiency of energy transfer [1][2][3][4][5], which is mostly related to kinetic energy that is presented by the equation2 ] (M -mass; V -velocity)" in a bullet that does not "waste" energy on deforming. Other suggested theories are the momentum theory expressed as "Mass × Velocity" and the power theory related to "Mass × Velocity 3 " [6]. Ballistic wounds can be classified, according to the amount of energy causing them, into: high energy (>1,000 J); medium energy (250-1,000 J); low energy (<250 J) [7]. For example, this is the basic principle of successful open fracture classification system as described by GustiloAnderson [8,9].The energy importance is represented by most shot wound classifications, such as the Red Cross classification for war injury [10] that emphasizes wound severity in terms of tissue damage and injuries to specific anatomic structures. The injury is rated according to the size of the entry and exit wounds. It also categorizes the presence of a cavity, a fracture, or an injured vital structure and the presence or absence of metallic bodies [10]. The modified Red Cross classification for civilian injuries, [11] which incorporates the ballistic and clinical aspects of gunshot injuries in civilians, is based on energy dissipation, vital structures injured, type of wound created, severity of bony injury, degree of contamination, and the modified Gustilo-Anderson open fracture classification system in which lowvelocity gunshot wounds are designated as Grade I or Grade II, based on the size of the skin wound and highvelocity gunshot injuries are designated as Grade III injuries, regardless of wound size [12].The cascade of a shot starts with pulling the trigger. This leads to the quick expansion of gas that may reach a temperature of over 2,800°C. This produces

show abstract

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bullet and Projectile Ballisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Wound Ballistics and Tissue Damage

Rozen

Dudkiewicz

2011

Armed Conflict Injuries to the Extremities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This cavitation effect is caused by high pressures surrounding the projectile that accelerate material away from its path. Harvey [23], Janzon [27,28], Sellier and Kneubuehl [40] state that the temporary cavity is the most important factor in wound ballistics of high velocity rifle bullets, and that almost all biological phenomena can be explained by it. While the importance of the temporary cavity is recognized by all other contemporary researchers, most do not place its importance above that of the permanent cavity.…”

Section: Tissue Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Ballistics reviews: mechanisms of bullet wound trauma

Maiden

2009

Forensic Sci Med Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The location of an entrance wound (bullet placement) and the projectile path are the most important factors in causing significant injury or death following a shooting. The head followed by the torso are the most vulnerable areas, with incapacitation resulting from central nervous system (brain or cord) disruption, or massive organ destruction with hemorrhage. Tissue and organ trauma result from the permanent wound cavity caused by direct destruction by the bullet, and also from radial stretching of surrounding tissues causing a temporary wound cavity. The extent of tissue damage is influenced by the type of bullet, its velocity and mass, as well as the physical characteristics of the tissues. The latter includes resistance to strain, physical dimensions of an organ, and the presence or absence of surrounding anatomical constraints. Bullet shape and construction will also affect tissue damage and bullets which display greater yaw will be associated with increased temporary cavitation. Military bullet designs do not include bullets that will expand or flatten as these cause greater wound trauma and are regulated by convention.

show abstract

Wound ballistics. A review of common misconceptions

Fackler¹

1988

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Muscle Devitalization in High-energy Missile Wounds, and Its Dependence on Energy Transfer

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Wound Ballistics and Tissue Damage

Wound Ballistics and Tissue Damage

Ballistics reviews: mechanisms of bullet wound trauma

Wound ballistics. A review of common misconceptions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About