Muscle damage and repeated bout effect following blood flow restricted exercise

Sieljacks, Peter; Matzon, Andreas; Wernbom, Mathias; Ringgaard, Steffen; Vissing, Kristian; Overgaard, Kristian

doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3304-8

Cited by 63 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Interestingly, the marked increases in plasma CK values reported previously were paralleled by fairly high DOMS scores (∼5 out of 10) (Sieljacks et al . ), which is higher than DOMS reported at rest and during muscle activity in the present study (median: 4.6–5.6 and 7.4–10.3 out of 100). Thus, overall there seem to be contrasting muscle damage responses between studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…These observations are in stark contrast to the marked CK increases (∼36‐fold) recently reported 48 and 96 h after acute BFR exercise (Sieljacks et al . ). However, other studies have failed to detect CK changes after acute (≤24 h) or longitudinal BFR exercise (Takarada et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In contrast, a recent study reported large (11‐ to 36‐fold) increases in circulating CK and myoglobin levels 2 and 4 days after an acute bout of unaccustomed BFR exercise indicating severe acute muscle damage (Sieljacks et al . ). Furthermore, Cumming and co‐workers recently showed an upregulation in heat shock proteins (HSPs) (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Blood flow restricted training leads to myocellular macrophage infiltration and upregulation of heat shock proteins, but no apparent muscle damage

Nielsen

Aagaard

Prokhorova

et al. 2017

The Journal of Physiology

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Previous studies indicate that low-load muscle contractions performed under local blood flow restriction (BFR) may initially induce muscle damage and stress. However, whether these factors are evoked with longitudinal BFR training remains unexplored at the myocellular level. Two distinct study protocols were conducted, covering 3 weeks (3 wk) or one week (1 wk). Subjects performed BFR exercise (100 mmHg, 20% 1RM) to concentric failure (BFRE) (3 wk/1 wk), while controls performed work-matched (LLE) (3 wk) or high-load (HLE; 70% 1RM) (1 wk) free-flow exercise. Muscle biopsies (3 wk) were obtained at baseline (Pre), 8 days into the intervention (Mid8), and 3 and 10 days after training cessation (Post3, Post10) to examine macrophage (M1/M2) content as well as heat shock protein (HSP27/70) and tenascin-C expression. Blood samples (1 wk) were collected before and after (0.1-24 h) the first and last training session to examine markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase), oxidative stress (total antibody capacity, glutathione) and inflammation (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α). M1-macrophage content increased 108-165% with BFRE and LLE at Post3 (P < 0.05), while M2-macrophages increased (163%) with BFRE only (P < 0.01). Membrane and intracellular HSP27 expression increased 60-132% at Mid8 with BFRE (P < 0.05-0.01). No or only minor changes were observed in circulating markers of muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. The amplitude, timing and localization of the above changes indicate that only limited muscle damage was evoked with BFRE. This study is the first to show that a period of high-frequency, low-load BFR training does not appear to induce general myocellular damage. However, signs of tissue inflammation and focal myocellular membrane stress and/or reorganization were observed that may be involved in the adaptation processes evoked by BFR muscle exercise.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Blood flow restricted training leads to myocellular macrophage infiltration and upregulation of heat shock proteins, but no apparent muscle damage

Nielsen

Aagaard

Prokhorova

et al. 2017

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Furthermore, the finding of a clear increase in the number of myonuclei supports that type I fibre hypertrophy did indeed occur. In this regard, although a previous study from our laboratory demonstrated that unaccustomed BFRE performed to volitional failure could produce muscle-damaging responses, these responses were attenuated upon repeated exposure single-bout BFRE, indicating that muscle damage is negligible in the trained state (Sieljacks et al, 2016). Alternatively, increased myonuclear numbers may relate to regenerative processes in response to exerciseinduced muscle micro-damage (Paulsen et al, 2012).…”

Section: Impact Of Bodyweight Bfre On Muscle Protein Accretion and Stmentioning

confidence: 86%

Impact of blood flow‐restricted bodyweight exercise on skeletal muscle adaptations

Jakobsgaard

Christiansen

Sieljacks

et al. 2018

Clin Physio Funct Imaging

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This study ascertains the ability of bodyweight blood flow-restricted (BFR) exercise training to promote skeletal muscle adaptations of significance for muscle accretion and metabolism. Six healthy young individuals (three males and three females) performed six weeks of bodyweight BFR training. Each session consisted of five sets of sit-to-stand BFR exercise to volitional failure with 30-second inter-set recovery. Prior to, and at least 72 h after training, muscle biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis to assess changes in fibre type-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell (SC) and myonuclei content and capillarization, as well as mitochondrial protein expression. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess changes in whole thigh muscle CSA. Finally, isometric knee extensor muscle strength was evaluated. An increase in knee extensor whole muscle CSA was observed at middle and distal localizations after training (3·2% and 3·5%, respectively) (P<0·05), and a trend was observed towards an increase in type I fibre CSA, whereas muscle strength did not increase. Additionally, the number of SCs and myonuclei associated with type I fibres increased by 65·7% and 20%, respectively (P<0·05). No significant changes were observed in measures of muscle capillarization and mitochondrial proteins. In conclusion, six weeks of bodyweight-based BFR exercise promoted myocellular adaptations related to muscle accretion, but not metabolic properties. Moreover, the study revealed that an appropriate total training volume needs further investigation before recommending bodyweight BFR to patient populations.

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“…Sieljacks et al . () investigated the effects of low‐intensity ECC with BFR. They observed no changes on muscle damage markers when BFR was applied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood flow restriction attenuates eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage without perceptual and cardiovascular overload

Curty

Melo

Caldas

et al. 2017

Clin Physio Funct Imaging

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of high-intensity eccentric exercise (HI-ECC) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle damage markers, and perceptual and cardiovascular responses. Nine healthy men (26 ± 1 years, BMI 24 ± 1 kg m ²) underwent unilateral elbow extension in two conditions: without (HI-ECC) and with BFR (HI-ECC+BFR). The HI-ECC protocol corresponded to three sets of 10 repetitions with 130% of maximal strength (1RM). The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain (RPP) were measured after each set. Muscle damage was evaluated by range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR) and muscle soreness using a visual analogue scale at different moments (pre-exercise, immediately after, 24 and 48 h postexercise). Systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before exercise and after each set. RPP was higher in HI-ECC+BFR than in HI-ECC after each set. Range of motion decreased postexercise in both conditions; however, in HI-ECC+BFR group, it returned to pre-exercise condition earlier (post-24 h) than HI-ECC (post-48 h). CIR increased only in HI-ECC, while no difference was observed in HI-ECC+BFR condition. Regarding cardiovascular responses, MBP and SBP did not change at any moment. HR showed similar increases in both conditions during exercise while DBP decreased only in HI-ECC condition. Thus, BFR attenuated HI-ECC-induced muscle damage and there was no increase in cardiovascular responses.

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Muscle damage and repeated bout effect following blood flow restricted exercise

Abstract: We conclude that unaccustomed single-bout BFRE performed to failure induces significant muscle damage. Additionally, both ECC and BFRE can precondition against muscle damage induced by a subsequent bout of BFRE.

Cited by 63 publications

References 42 publications

Blood flow restricted training leads to myocellular macrophage infiltration and upregulation of heat shock proteins, but no apparent muscle damage

Blood flow restricted training leads to myocellular macrophage infiltration and upregulation of heat shock proteins, but no apparent muscle damage

Impact of blood flow‐restricted bodyweight exercise on skeletal muscle adaptations

Blood flow restriction attenuates eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage without perceptual and cardiovascular overload

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