Muscle Architecture and Neuromuscular Changes After High-Resistance Circuit Training in Hypoxia

Ramos-Campo, Domingo Jesús; Martínez-Guardado, Ismael; Rubio-Arias, Jacobo Á.; Freitas, Tomás T.; Othalawa, Sanjaya; Andreu, Luis; Timón, Rafael; Alcaráz, Pedro E.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003275

Cited by 4 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Although the training adaptations to hypoxic resistance training vary, it is clear that hypoxia can amplify various physical fitness responses to resistance training. Some studies reported no additional strength or muscle mass gains after moderate to high-intensity resistance training in hypoxia compared with normoxia (13,25), although beneficial changes in muscular endurance or V Ȯ2 max may have been observed with additional testing. A key factor in these varied responses may be the vast differences in methodology, including training duration, intensity, severity of hypoxia, and interset rest period duration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Resistance Training Adaptations in Older Adults

Allsopp

Hoffmann

Feros

et al. 2020

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Allsopp, GL, Hoffmann, SM, Feros, SA, Pasco, JA, Russell, AP, and Wright, CR. The effect of normobaric hypoxia on resistance training adaptations in older adults. J Strength Cond Res 36(8): 2306–2312, 2022—The effect of normobaric hypoxia on strength, body composition, and cardiovascular fitness was investigated after a resistance training intervention in older adults. A single-blinded, randomized control trial recruited 20 healthy adults aged 60–75 years for an 8-week resistance training intervention in normoxia (n = 10) or normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2; n = 10). Subjects performed 2 sessions per week of upper-body and lower-body exercises at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Pretraining and post-training, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), muscular endurance (30 maximal knee flexions/extensions), and 5RM were assessed, with 5RM used to calculate 1RM. Subjects underwent whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at pretraining and post-training for fat and lean mass quantification. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Subjects in both groups substantially improved their calculated 1RM strength for leg extension, pectoral fly, row, and squat (normoxia; 30, 38, 27, and 29%, hypoxia; 43, 50, 28, and 64%, respectively); however, hypoxia did not augment this response. Hypoxia did not enhance V̇O2max or muscular endurance responses after the training intervention, with no improvements seen in either group. Fat mass and lean mass remained unchanged in both groups after the intervention. In summary, 8 weeks of resistance training in hypoxia was well tolerated in healthy older adults and increased upper-body and lower-body strength. However, the magnitude of strength and lean muscle improvements in hypoxia was no greater than normoxia; therefore, there is currently no evidence to support the use of hypoxic resistance training in older adults.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Resistance Training Adaptations in Older Adults

Allsopp

Hoffmann

Feros

et al. 2020

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…The papers included healthy participants (n = 188, 35.67%) [15,16,19,21,25,28], trained or athletes (n = 183, 34.72%) [6,22,24,27,[29][30][31] and a sedentary or untrained population (n = 156, 29.60%) [17,18,20,23,26,32]. The studies analysed the effect of resistance exercise in hypoxia with a frequency of two to four times per week during 4 to 12 weeks, with a total of ten to 36 sessions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Six documents (31.57%) based their prescribed load on 1RM percentages less than 50% [16][17][18]25,27,32]. On the other hand, two articles (10.59%) used loads higher than 80% of the 1RM [21,24], one (5.26%) [26] used maximal power as the reference value, and the remaining ten studies (52.63%) used a training load between 50 and 80% of 1RM [6,15,19,20,22,23,[28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ten documents (52.63%) used lower limb exercises exclusively [16][17][18]22,[26][27][28][30][31][32], two papers (10.52%) focused on the upper limb [19,23], and seven articles (36.84%) combined lower and upper limb exercises [6,15,20,21,24,25,29].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of 15 documents that measured the hypertrophy variable, only three presented significant improvements in the control group [6,17,18], while the remaining 12 [15,[19][20][21][22][23][24][24][25][26][27][28][29] showed a greater percentage of change in the hypertrophy group concerning measurements 1 and 2 (Figure 4a). Sixteen documents measured the muscle strength variable, and only two showed significant improvements in the control group; two studies had an increase in the percentage of change but without differences between the groups, while the remaining 12 [15][16][17][18]20,[22][23][24]28,[30][31][32] showed a higher percentage of change in the hypoxia group for the force variable concerning measurement 1 and 2 (Figure 4b). Moreover, 57.89% (n = 11) report significant differences between the groups [6,16,[18][19][20][21][22][23]26,29,32].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update to a Comprehensive Assessment of the Methods and Effectiveness of Resistance Training in Normobaric Hypoxia for the Development of Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy

et al. 2023

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Background. Training muscle capacities in hypoxic conditions increases some manifestations, such as hypertrophy and muscle strength, due to a change in the muscle phenotype as a result of the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Despite the proven benefits of resistance training in hypoxic conditions that allow conjecture regarding the effectiveness in facilitating muscular capacities in different populations, there is still controversy regarding the difference between resistance training in hypoxia and normoxia. The objective of this review was to compile the present evidence and update the methods and effectiveness of resistance training in simulated hypoxia for the development of strength and muscle hypertrophy. Methodology. A systematic search for an integrative review was carried out based on the preferred reporting guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) in 4 stages: identification, data selection, data collection and extraction, and quality evolution. Results. Four studies (92 participants) reported benefits in strength when training in hypoxia, three (101 participants) benefits in hypertrophy, and twelve (327 participants) benefits in strength and hypertrophy. Conclusion. Based on the findings of this systematic review, it is concluded that there are positive effects on muscle size and ability to generate force after a hypoxic training programme. However, some studies did not show a statistically greater benefit than for the normoxia groups, but several methodologies have been identified that promote the benefits of hypoxia.

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Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Benavente

Schöenfeld

Padial

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions (RTH) on muscle hypertrophy and strength development. Searches of PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Sport Discus and the Cochrane Library were conducted comparing the effect of RTH versus normoxia (RTN) on muscle hypertrophy (cross sectional area (CSA), lean mass and muscle thickness) and strength development [1-repetition maximum (1RM)]. An overall meta-analysis and subanalyses of training load (low, moderate or high), inter-set rest interval (short, moderate or long) and severity of hypoxia (moderate or high) were conducted to explore the effects on RTH outcomes. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. The overall analyses showed similar improvements in CSA (SMD [CIs] = 0.17 [− 0.07; 0.42]) and 1RM (SMD = 0.13 [0.0; 0.27]) between RTH and RTN. Subanalyses indicated a medium effect on CSA for longer inter-set rest intervals and a small effect for moderate hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH. Moreover, a moderate effect for longer inter-set rest intervals and a trivial effect for severe hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH was found on 1RM. Evidence suggests that RTH employed with moderate loads (60–80% 1RM) and longer inter-set rest intervals (≥ 120 s) enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength compared to normoxia. The use of moderate hypoxia (14.3–16% FiO2) seems to be somewhat beneficial to hypertrophy but not strength. Further research is required with greater standardization of protocols to draw stronger conclusions on the topic.

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Muscle Architecture and Neuromuscular Changes After High-Resistance Circuit Training in Hypoxia

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Resistance Training Adaptations in Older Adults

The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Resistance Training Adaptations in Older Adults

An Update to a Comprehensive Assessment of the Methods and Effectiveness of Resistance Training in Normobaric Hypoxia for the Development of Strength and Muscular Hypertrophy

Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis

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