Muscle and cartilage differentiation in axolotl limb regeneration blastema cultures

Hinterberger, Timothy J.; Cameron, Jo Ann

doi:10.1002/jez.1402260310

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Based solely on our in vivo and in vitro findings that INS is an essential hormone in newt limb regeneration and that a combination of INS, GH, hydrocortisone, and THY maximizes cell proliferation and growth or innervated blastemal cultures (17,18,(24)(25)(26), it has now become customary to include INS alone or a combination of the above-mentioned hormones in cultures of blastemal tissues to promote cell proliferation and growth (27). Unfortunately, in interpreting the results from these experiments, there is a tendency to consider INS and other hormones as passive ingredients and to ignore the active, synergistic role(s) that these hormones might play, along with nerves in the parameter being measured.…”

Section: Addition Of Hormones To Blastema Culturesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Vethamany‐Globus

1987

Biochem. Cell Biol.

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Although several hormones have been linked to newt limb regeneration, a cohesive hypothesis as to how these hormones control the process is yet to emerge. A critical review of the traditional approaches and a reevaluation of currently operative assumptions and interpretations of results precede the data on insulin and beta-endorphin. Results from in vivo and in vitro experiments on insulin are summarized, showing that insulin not only promotes various cellular events but also is essential for the expression of the mitogenic effect of nerves on cultured newt limb blastemata. Furthermore, the strong likelihood that insulin may be the common link in promoting limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts that received pituitary hormone replacement therapy or a nutritional supplement is discussed. The status of beta-endorphin in regeneration is also explored. Data are presented to show that vertebrates with regenerating capacity (newts, tadpoles) have higher levels of plasma beta-endorphin than that found in species where the capacity to regenerate is either restricted (frogs) or totally lost (mammals). beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity has been localized in the epidermis of a regenerating newt blastema, as well as in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of axolotl, newt, and Xenopus. A possible opiate connection in vertebrate limb regeneration, in particular, wound healing, is discussed.

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Section: Addition Of Hormones To Blastema Culturesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Vethamany‐Globus

1987

Biochem. Cell Biol.

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“…To corroborate these findings, Tsonis and colleagues went on to demonstrate that C3 is specifically expressed by blastema cells of myogenic origin [56]. These cells have the ability to differentiate into myotubes and support muscle and cartilage development when engrafted into the amputated limb [57]. These studies provided unprecedented evidence for a novel role of complement C3 in limb regeneration that deviates from its traditional proinflammatory profile.…”

Section: Tissue Regeneration In Lower Vertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complement-triggered pathways orchestrate regenerative responses throughout phylogenesis

Mastellos

DeAngelis

Lambris

2013

Seminars in Immunology

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Adult tissue plasticity, cell reprogramming, and organ regeneration are major challenges in the field of modern regenerative medicine. Devising strategies to increase the regenerative capacity of tissues holds great promise for dealing with donor organ shortages and low transplantation outcomes and also provides essential impetus to tissue bioengineering approaches for organ repair and replacement. The inherent ability of cells to reprogram their fate by switching into an embryonic-like, pluripotent progenitor state is an evolutionary vestige that in mammals has been retained mostly in fetal tissues and persists only in a few organs of the adult body. Tissue regeneration reflects the capacity of terminally differentiated cells to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate in response to acute injury or environmental stress signals. In lower vertebrates, this regenerative capacity extends to several organs and remarkably culminates in precise tissue patterning, through cellular transdifferentiation and complex morphogenetic processes that can faithfully reconstruct entire body parts. Many lessons have been learned from robust regeneration models in amphibians such as the newt and axolotl. However, the dynamic interactions between the regenerating tissue, the surrounding stroma, and the host immune response, as it adapts to the actively proliferating tissue, remain ill-defined. The regenerating zone, through a sequence of distinct molecular events, adopts phenotypic plasticity and undergoes rigorous tissue remodeling that, in turn, evokes a significant inflammatory response. Complement is a primordial sentinel of the innate immune response that engages in multiple inflammatory cascades as it becomes activated during tissue injury and remodeling. In this respect, complement proteins have been implicated in tissue and organ regeneration in both urodeles and mammals. Distinct complement-triggered pathways have been shown to modulate critical responses that promote tissue reprogramming, pattern formation, and regeneration across phylogenesis. This article will discuss the mechanistic insights underlying the crosstalk of complement with cytokine and growth factor signaling pathways that drive tissue regeneration and will provide a unified conceptual framework for considering complement modulation as a novel target for regenerative therapeutics.

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Regional differences in the distribution of myogenic and chondrogenic cells in axolotl limb blastemas

Cameron

Hinterberger

1984

J. Exp. Zool.

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The distribution of myogenic and chondrogenic cells was determined for axolotl limb blastemas at the medium bud stage, before precartilage condensation occurred. Myogenic potential of midstylopod (upper) and distal-zeugopod (lower) amputation level blastemas, divided into distal, proximal-core, and proximal-peripheral regions, was assayed in vitro. Significantly more myonuclei were observed in upper level proximal-periphery cultures than in ones from any of the other regions. Since cartilage cells give rise almost exclusively to cartilage in the regenerate (Steen, 19681, a heritable cell marker, triploidy, was used to trace the location of chondrogenic cells in histological sections of upper level early and medium bud blastemas. Although there was mixing of the graft cartilage-derived cells and host soft-tissue-derived cells, the previous cartilage cells were found more frequently within the core region at early and medium bud stages. The results of these studies indicate that more chondrogenic cells are present in the core from a very early stage, and that more myogenic cells are present in the proximal periphery by the medium bud stage.

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Muscle and cartilage differentiation in axolotl limb regeneration blastema cultures

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Hormone action in newt limb regeneration: insulin and endorphins

Complement-triggered pathways orchestrate regenerative responses throughout phylogenesis

Regional differences in the distribution of myogenic and chondrogenic cells in axolotl limb blastemas

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