Muscle activity in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy when walking with ankle-foot orthoses: an explorative study

Is the Prevalence of Equinus Foot in Cerebral Palsy Overestimated? Results from a Meta-Analysis of 4814 Feet

“…The overall number of included patients with CP in our study is 3595 patients and 4814 limbs/feet, ranging from 7 patients in the study of Goncalves et al [ 22 ] to 1147 patients in the study of Naidu et al [ 28 ]. Most of the included studies reported the data of patients with the spastic type of CP (15 studies) [ 6 , 7 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 35 ]. The age of CP patients among included studies ranged from a mean of 3.8 years (with SD of 2) in the study of Boulay et al [ 17 ] to 18.2 years (with SD of 9.9) in the study of Horsch et al [ 6 ].…”

“…The analysis yielded a significant substantial degree of heterogeneity. The prevalence of equinus foot in CP varied significantly among included individual studies, ranging from 10.9% in the study of Winters et al [35] to 100% in other studies [7,[17][18][19][20]23,26,27,29,31].…”

“…The overall number of included patients was 3595, with 4814 affected limbs being analyzed. The prevalence of equinus foot among patients with cerebral palsy varied substantially among included individual studies, ranging from 10.9% [ 35 ] to 100% [ 7 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 31 ]. A total of 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis with an overall prevalence rate of equinus foot of 93% (95% CI: 71–99%; I 2 = 100%, p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 ).…”

“…Quality assessment of the included studies was conducted by the NIH quality assessment tool for each distinctive study design. A total of 16 studies were of fair quality (moderate risk of bias) [ 6 , 7 , 17 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], 4 studies were of poor quality (high risk of bias) [ 18 , 19 , 21 , 29 ], and 2 studies were of good quality (low risk of bias) [ 23 , 26 ].…”

Study of the effect of simultaneous exposure to noise and heat stress on the activity level of biceps and flexor muscles

“…To record biceps EMG, in the last third of the hypothetical line between the acromion and the cubital cavity, bipolar electrodes were fixed parallel to the biceps muscle fibers of the dominant hand of the participant. To record the flexor muscle EMG, parallel to the muscle fiber, the electrodes were placed exactly in the middle of the medial epicondyle, that is, halfway between the internal humerus appendix and the ulnar styloid appendage (34)(35)(36); Figure1. In this study Pre-gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes (SKINTACT;F-55) were used (37).…”