Muscle Activation during Lower Body Resistance Training

Ebben, William P.; Feldmann, Christina R; Dayne, Andrea M; Mitsche, Diana; Alexander, Paul; Knetzger, K J.

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038785

Cited by 67 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Activation levels for the BF and ST were relatively low when compared to VL and VM musculature for the selected exercises, consistent with existing literature (1,4,6,14) and based on the common knee and hip extension components of each exercise. Nonetheless, hamstring activation for each variation of the step up exercise in this study was greater than previously reported hamstring activation during the loaded squat exercise, with the step up eliciting a range from 26.92% MVIC during the eccentric phase to 73.14% MVIC during the concentric phase (7,9).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…All step up exercises were performed on a 45.72 cm plyometric box. This box height was selected in order to provide a challenging step up training stimulus, consistent with box heights that are believed to be used in strength training programs and similar to those used in previous research examining muscle activation during lower body resistance training exercises (9).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these muscle groups, the hamstring muscle group has been shown to be important in reducing ACL injury risk, and evidence indicates training reduces hamstring inhibition and quadriceps to hamstrings ratio (9). While there is a growing body of literature on hamstring activation during resistance exercise and hamstring to quadriceps ratios, other muscle groups within the hip complex have received less attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromyographical Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscle Activation During Variations of the Loaded Step-Up Exercise

Simenz

Garceau

Lutsch

et al. 2012

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The loaded step up exercise allows strength and conditioning practitioners to incorporate a unilateral resistance for athletes while performing extension at the hip, knee, and plantar flexion at the ankle. This study evaluated the activation of the biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis during four variations of the step up exercise in order to assess the specific muscle training stimulus of each exercise variation. The exercises included the step up, crossover step up, diagonal step up, and lateral step up. Fifteen women who regularly engaged in lower body resistance training performed the four exercises with 6RM loads on a 45.72cm plyometric box. Data were collected with a telemetered EMG system, and RMS values were calculated for EMG data for eccentric and concentric phases. Results of a repeated measures ANOVA revealed a variety of differences in muscle activation between the exercises (P≤0.05). Results indicated that the crossover step up elicited the greatest concentric muscle activation for the gluteus medius, while the step up elicited greatest eccentric activation for the gluteus medius, and greatest activation for the gluteus maximus, biceps femoris and semitendinosus in both concentric and eccentric phases. These findings can be used by practitioners to inform exercise selection to best target and maximally activate a variety of hip and thigh musculature.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromyographical Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscle Activation During Variations of the Loaded Step-Up Exercise

Simenz

Garceau

Lutsch

et al. 2012

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…5 When designing a quadricepsstrengthening program for individuals with PFP, it is important to select exercises that promote muscle loading and adaptation and minimize patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stress and pain. Steinkamp and colleagues 17 first described the influence of weight-bearing status on PFJ stress.…”

Section: 25mentioning

confidence: 99%

Patellofemoral Joint Stress During Weight-Bearing and Non—Weight-Bearing Quadriceps Exercises

Powers¹,

Ho²,

Chen³

et al. 2014

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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Quadriceps strengthening is a common com ponent of the rehabilitation program for persons with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and typically includes weightbearing and non-weight bearing exercises. 1,9,12,18,27 Both forms of exercise have their advantages with respect to quadriceps strengthening. Weight bearing exercises are more functional in nature 7,11 and incorporate contractions of multiple agonist and antagonist muscle groups. 1921,25In contrast, nonweight-bearing knee extension exercises require less cocontraction of antagonist muscles thus provide better quadriceps muscle isolation. 5When designing a quadricepsstrengthening program for individuals with PFP, it is important to select exercises that promote muscle loading and adaptation and minimize patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stress and pain. Steinkamp and colleagues 17 first described the influence of weight-bearing status on PFJ stress. These authors reported a contrast in the pattern of PFJ stress during weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing exercises performed at 0° to 90° of knee flexion. During the weight-bearing task (leg press), PFJ stress increased linearly from 0° to 90° of knee flexion.17 During the non-weight-bearing knee extension exercise, however, PFJ stress was greatest at 0° and decreased with knee flexion. 17The findings of Steinkamp et al 17 have been challenged by Escamilla and colleagues, 6 who quantified PFJ reaction forces during similar weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing tasks (squat and knee extension, respectively). These authors reported that the PFJ reaction T T STUDY DESIGN: Single-group, repeatedmeasures design. T T OBJECTIVE:To compare patellofemoral joint (PFJ) stress among weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing quadriceps exercises. T T BACKGROUND: An important considerationwhen prescribing exercises to strengthen the quadriceps in persons with patellofemoral pain is to minimize PFJ loading. Currently, there is disagreement in the literature as to which exercises and ranges of motion best accomplish this goal. T T METHODS:Ten healthy subjects participated.Lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography of the knee musculature were obtained during a weight-bearing squatting exercise and 2 non-weight-bearing knee extension exercises: (1) knee extension with variable resistance, and (2) knee extension with constant resistance. A previously described biomechanical model was used to estimate PFJ stress at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90° of knee flexion. PFJ stress was compared among the 3 exercises using a 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. T T RESULTS:Compared to the 2 non-weightbearing exercises, the squat exercise produced significantly higher PFJ stress at 90°, 75°, and 60° of knee flexion. Conversely, the 2 non-weight-bearing exercises produced significantly higher PFJ stress at 30°, 15°, and 0° of knee flexion when compared to the squat exercise. The knee-extension-withvariable-resistance exercise produced significantly lower PFJ stress than the knee-extension-withconstant-resistance exercise at ...

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“…Both of these applications, using an exercise for training or evaluation, require a full understanding of the mechanical demands imposed on the musculoskeletal system. Unfortunately, for many commonly used exercises, such as the anterior lunge, the specific biomechanical characteristics are largely unknown, 2,3 leaving exercise selection and progression decisions to be largely based on intuition and clinical experience.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Analysis of the Anterior Lunge During 4 External-Load Conditions

Riemann

Lapinski

Smith

et al. 2012

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Comprehensive analysis of ankle, knee, and hip kinematics and kinetics during anterior lunge performance in young adults has not been studied. In addition, the effects of adding external resistance on the kinematics and kinetics are unknown. Objective: To determine the effects of external load on ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics and kinetics during the anterior lunge. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory environment. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 16 recreationally active, college-aged adults (8 men, 8 women). Intervention(s): Anterior lunges under 4 external-load conditions, 0% (control), 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of body mass. Main Outcome Measure(s): Ankle, knee, and hip peak flexion, net joint extensor moment impulse, and eccentric and concentric work were computed during the interval when the stepping limb was in contact with the ground. Additionally, 3 summary lunge characteristics were calculated. Results: No significant (P > .05) load effects were noted for peak flexion angles or the lunge characteristics except for peak vertical total-body center-of-mass displacement. Trend analysis of significant condition-by-joint interactions revealed significant linear trends for all 3 joints, with the hip greater than the ankle and the ankle greater than the knee. Additionally, as the external load increased, mechanical work increased linearly at the hip and ankle but not at the knee. Conclusions: From a kinematic perspective, the lunge involves greater motion at the knee, but from a kinetic perspective, the anterior lunge is a hip-extensor–dominant exercise. Adding external weight prompted the greatest joint kinetic increases at the hip and ankle, with little change in the knee contributions. These results can assist clinicians in deciding whether the characteristics of the anterior lunge match a patient's exercise needs during rehabilitation and performance-enhancement programs.

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Muscle Activation during Lower Body Resistance Training

Cited by 67 publications

References 27 publications

Electromyographical Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscle Activation During Variations of the Loaded Step-Up Exercise

Electromyographical Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscle Activation During Variations of the Loaded Step-Up Exercise

Patellofemoral Joint Stress During Weight-Bearing and Non—Weight-Bearing Quadriceps Exercises

Biomechanical Analysis of the Anterior Lunge During 4 External-Load Conditions

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