Murein (Peptidoglycan)

Abstract

Introduction Historical Outline Isolation, Analysis and Structure of Murein Isolation of Murein The Basic Chemical Structure of Murein The Fine Structure of Murein Variability of the Species‐specific Murein Composition Three‐dimensional Structure of Murein Biosynthesis of Murein Biosynthesis of the Murein Precursor Lipid II Murein Synthases and Hydrolases Growth Mechanism of the Murein Sacculus Recycling of the Turnover Products Inhibition of Murein Biosynthesis Molecular Genetics of Murein Biosynthesis Exogenous Murein Hydrolases Biological Activities of Murein Production Current Problems and Outlook Acknowledgments

The Cyclization of the 3,6-Anhydro-Galactose Ring of ι-Carrageenan Is Catalyzed by Two d-Galactose-2,6-Sulfurylases in the Red Alga Chondrus crispus

“…In contrast to synthetic moieties, there are very few examples of sugar residues with an anhydro ring in vivo. To our knowledge, in addition to the 3,6-anhydro-Gal residues encountered in agars and carrageenans, the only other documented natural anhydro ring is the 1,6-anhydro N-acetyl-muramic acid located at the glucan chain end of a peptidoglycan (murein; Hö lfte et al, 1975;Heidrich and Wollmer, 2002). This 1,6-anhydro ring is an intraresidue glycosidic bond and occurs when a glycosidic bond is cleaved via a transglycosylation mechanism.…”