Munitions and Dredging Experience on the United States Coast

Greene, Paul D.; Follett, George; Henker, Clint

doi:10.4031/mtsj.43.4.2

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…In addition to the explosion and security risk, these munitions contain cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic chemicals associated with conventional explosives, chemical warfare agents, and munition structural components (Tornero and Hanke, 2016;Sanderson et al, 2017). There is growing interest in remediating undersea munitions due to the hazards related to dredging (Greene et al, 2009) and increasing development of offshore infrastructure associated with aquaculture, wind farms, cables, and oil or gas pipelines (Edwards, 1995;Bohne, 2012;Sanderson et al, 2014;Appleyard, 2015;Sanderson and Fauser, 2015), as well as increasing ship traffic in general. Prolonged exposure to seawater may in fact increase the sensitivity of explosive material to detonation, due to deterioration of stabilizing components, recrystallization, or reactions with e.g., corroded metal housings to form sensitive secondary compounds such as metal picrates (Pfeiffer, 2012a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters

et al. 2018

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Coastal marine environments are contaminated globally with a vast quantity of unexploded ordnance and munitions from intentional disposal. These munitions contain organic explosive compounds as well as a variety of metals, and represent point sources of chemical pollution to marine waters. Most underwater munitions originate from World Wars at the beginning of the twentieth century, and metal munitions housings have been impacted by extensive corrosion over the course of the following decades. As a result, the risk of munitions-related contaminant release to the water column is increasing. The behavior of munitions compounds is well-characterized in terrestrial systems and groundwater, but is only poorly understood in marine systems. Organic explosive compounds, primarily nitroaromatics and nitramines, can be degraded or transformed by a variety of biotic and abiotic mechanisms. These reaction products exhibit a range in biogeochemical characteristics such as sorption by particles and sediments, and variable environmental behavior as a result. The reaction products often exhibit increased toxicity to biological receptors and geochemical controls like sorption can limit this exposure. Environmental samples typically show low concentrations of munitions compounds in water and sediments (on the order of ng/L and µg/kg, respectively), and ecological risk appears generally low. Nonetheless, recent work demonstrates the possibility of sub-lethal genetic and metabolic effects. This review evaluates the state of knowledge on the occurrence, fate, and effect of munition-related chemical contaminants in the marine environment. There remain a number of knowledge gaps that limit our understanding of munitions-related contaminant spread and effect, and the need for additional work is made all the more urgent by increasing risk of release to the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters

et al. 2018

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“…Honeycomb is a type of cellular material with a two‐dimensional array of hexagonal cells. Because of its high energy‐absorption capacity and high strength‐to‐weight ratio, aluminum honeycombs are widely used as energy absorbers and protective components in various industries such as automotive, ship, train aerospace, and other engineering sectors. Therefore, the mechanical behaviors of aluminum honeycombs and structures composed of honeycombs have been studied extensively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cushioning and Energy Absorbing Property of Combined Aluminum Honeycomb

Lin

Zhang²,

Chen

et al. 2015

Adv Eng Mater

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Aluminum honeycomb is a good energy-absorption material because of its high strength and low density. To estimate the buffering and energy absorbing capacity of aluminum honeycomb, we designed and tested a cylindrical cushioning structure with two types of aluminum honeycomb. In the experiments, the outof-plane crushing behavior of aluminum honeycombs was investigated on three types of samples including single honeycomb sample, stacked samples with two honeycombs, and three honeycombs at a fixed quasi-static loading condition. The results show that the energy-absorbing capacity of combined honeycomb sample is slightly better than that of the single honeycomb sample with the same total thickness in the concerned range. However, the collapse stress will significantly increase when two specimens with approximately the same thickness insert into each other completely, which should be avoided in the cushioning design. The design of combined honeycomb consisted of three stacked honeycombs can obtain a relatively smooth stress state, which is beneficial to protect the cylinder. As a result, one can draw a conclusion that combined honeycomb buffer consisted of multi-layered honeycomb samples should be given priority in the optimization design of aluminum honeycomb buffer.

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“…Most analyses of munitions response are from technical disciplines such as environmental (e.g., Darrach et al, 1998;Garcia et al, 2009;Porter, 2011), military (e.g., Truver, 2006;Davis, 2009), marine (e.g., Greene et al, 2009) or explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) (e.g., Long, 2009;Schwartz & Brandenburg, 2009) sciences. They have focused on technical definition of risks and associated technologi es .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technocratic Responses to the Politicization of Risk: Underwater Munitions in New York City’s Gravesend Bay and Narrows

Bolton¹

2012

mar technol soc j

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Risk and its management are social phenomena, constructed through dynamic political, cultural, and economic systems. Those wishing to publicize and manage the risk posed by legacy underwater munitions would benefit from an awareness of the political context in which they work. The interaction of various local, national, and global political interests will enable certain kinds of risk management action while also constraining others. This article examines such issues through a case study of politics of underwater munitions in New York City’s Gravesend Bay and Narrows. The impetus to deal with these munitions has largely come from their politicization by local civilians: politicians, environmental activists, lawyers, and journalists. By contrast, risk management actions by national-level military institutions have consistently functioned to depoliticize the issue by framing it technocratically. This illustrates a common political tension in risk management. Public mobilization raises awareness of risk but may sensationalize it. Technocrats have the budgetary and technical wherewithal to deal with it professionally but resist politicization of risk and try to channel and defuse mobilization through existing institutions and programs.

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Munitions and Dredging Experience on the United States Coast

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters

Spread, Behavior, and Ecosystem Consequences of Conventional Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Waters

Cushioning and Energy Absorbing Property of Combined Aluminum Honeycomb

Technocratic Responses to the Politicization of Risk: Underwater Munitions in New York City’s Gravesend Bay and Narrows

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