“…The effectiveness of advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are 4 based on the generation of oxidizing reagent(•OH) radicals as they attack the Chromophores leading to the production of organic peroxide radicals and finally convert to CO2, H2O and inorganic salts [78]. Chemical oxidation is very effective but the efficiency strongly influenced by the type of oxidant [79].…”
Dyes are complex organic compounds which are used by various industries to colour their products. These dyes are purged from various industrial sources such as textile, cosmetic, paper, leather, rubber and printing industries. Wastewater effluents contain dyes which may cause potential hazards to the environment. Some of these dyes are toxic, carcinogenic and can cause skin and eye irritation. Therefore, many researchers have been studied the effectiveness of dyes removal from aqueous solution by different separation methods. Different separation techniques have been used for the treatment of dye-bearing wastewater such as adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, advanced oxidation technologies, ozonation, and membrane-filtration, aerobic and anaerobic degradation. All dye separation techniques have their own limitation in terms of design, operation efficiency and total cost. This review paper provides extensive literature information about dyes, its classification and toxicity together with various treatment methods into dye adsorption characteristics of several non-conventional cost effective sustainable adsorbents. The mechanism and the effects of various physio-chemical process parameters on dye adsorption are presented here.
“…The effectiveness of advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) are 4 based on the generation of oxidizing reagent(•OH) radicals as they attack the Chromophores leading to the production of organic peroxide radicals and finally convert to CO2, H2O and inorganic salts [78]. Chemical oxidation is very effective but the efficiency strongly influenced by the type of oxidant [79].…”
Dyes are complex organic compounds which are used by various industries to colour their products. These dyes are purged from various industrial sources such as textile, cosmetic, paper, leather, rubber and printing industries. Wastewater effluents contain dyes which may cause potential hazards to the environment. Some of these dyes are toxic, carcinogenic and can cause skin and eye irritation. Therefore, many researchers have been studied the effectiveness of dyes removal from aqueous solution by different separation methods. Different separation techniques have been used for the treatment of dye-bearing wastewater such as adsorption, coagulation/flocculation, advanced oxidation technologies, ozonation, and membrane-filtration, aerobic and anaerobic degradation. All dye separation techniques have their own limitation in terms of design, operation efficiency and total cost. This review paper provides extensive literature information about dyes, its classification and toxicity together with various treatment methods into dye adsorption characteristics of several non-conventional cost effective sustainable adsorbents. The mechanism and the effects of various physio-chemical process parameters on dye adsorption are presented here.
“…• Sub-Saharan Africa [20] • India [21] • N Africa [22] • Algeria [25]; Palestine [26] • Greece [27] • Jordan [28] • Mid East [29]; World [30] • Mexico [31]; World [32] Agriculture…”
Section: Agriculturementioning
confidence: 99%
“…While traditional capture and treatment systems may be cost-prohibitive for many developing regions, there are low-cost, low-technology treatment systems including constructed wetlands or layering with indigenous rock materials which can be effective for treating water for reuse [27,92,93]. Local conditions and capacity for operation require evaluation to determine the feasibility on a site by site basis [94].…”
Sustainable water management (SWM) requires allocating between competing water sector demands, and balancing the financial and social resources required to support necessary water systems. The objective of this review is to assess SWM in three sectors: urban, agricultural, and natural systems. This review explores the following questions: (1) How is SWM defined and evaluated? (2) What are the challenges associated with sustainable development in each sector? (3) What are the areas of greatest potential improvement in urban and agricultural water management systems? And (4) What role does country development status have in SWM practices? The methods for evaluating water management practices range from relatively simple indicator methods to integration of multiple models, depending on the complexity of the problem and resources of the investigators. The two key findings and recommendations for meeting SWM objectives are:(1) all forms of water must be considered usable, and reusable, water resources; and (2) increasing agricultural crop water production represents the largest opportunity for reducing total water consumption, and will be required to meet global food security needs. The level of regional development should not dictate sustainability objectives, however local
OPEN ACCESSWater 2014, 6 3935 infrastructure conditions and financial capabilities should inform the details of water system design and evaluation.
“…Additionally, few studies have been conducted on the removal of PCBs from real municipal wastewater in biofiltration systems 40 . Additionally, only a few experiments on sequentional constructed wetland systems have been conducted 41, 42 , and even fewer on the field scale using an existing municipal treatment plant 43 .Figure 1The design of a hybrid Sequential Biofiltration System (SBS) for the purification of wastewater effluent from a small WWTP, central Poland.
…”
This article aims to evaluate the efficiency of an innovative hybrid Sequential Biofiltration System (SBS) for removing phosphorus and nitrogen and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from original municipal wastewater produced by a Wastewater Treatment Plant under authentic operating conditions. The hybrid SBS was constructed with two barriers, a geochemical (filtration beds with limestone, coal and sawdust) and a biological barrier (wetlands with Glyceria, Acorus, Typha, Phragmites), operating in parallel. Significant differences were found between inflow and outflow from the SBS with regard to wastewater contaminant concentrations, the efficiency of removal being 16% (max. 93%) for Total Phosphorus (TP), 25% (max. 93%) for Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (SRP), 15% (max. 97%) for Total Nitrogen (TN), 17% (max. 98%) for NO3
–N, and 21% for PCB equivalency (PCB EQ). In the case of PCB EQ concentration, the highest efficiency of 43% was obtained using beds with macrophytes. The SBS removed a significant load of TP (0.415 kg), TN (3.136 kg), and PCB EQ (0.223 g) per square meter per year. The use of low-cost hybrid SBSs as a post-treatment step for wastewater treatment was found to be an effective ecohydrological biotechnology that may be used for reducing point source pollution and improving water quality.
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