“…Unlike other studies, our approach starts with places (i.e., communities) rather than metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas are not political actors in the same way as places, which represent administrative and political units that create both opportunities (e.g., development of mixed-income housing) and barriers (e.g., restrictive covenants) to racial integration (Lichter et al 2007b;Logan and Molotch 1990). We also use block (rather than census tract) data from the 1990 and 2000 decennial U.S. censuses.…”