Municipal Underbounding: Annexation and Racial Exclusion in Small Southern Towns*

Abstract

This paper examines patterns of annexation, including municipal

Multi-Scale Residential Segregation: Black Exceptionalism and America's Changing Color Line

“…Unlike other studies, our approach starts with places (i.e., communities) rather than metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas are not political actors in the same way as places, which represent administrative and political units that create both opportunities (e.g., development of mixed-income housing) and barriers (e.g., restrictive covenants) to racial integration (Lichter et al 2007b;Logan and Molotch 1990). We also use block (rather than census tract) data from the 1990 and 2000 decennial U.S. censuses.…”

“…For our purposes, we use 2000 place boundaries throughout our analyses. This is a time-intensive but necessary task that insures any changes in micro-and macro-segregation are not measurement artifacts of shifting political boundaries (e.g., annexation) between 1990 and 2000 (Lichter et al 2007b;Lee et al 2008). Finally, the residual -fringe areas -is defined as populations falling outside of any designated place boundary but within a designated metro, micropolitan or noncore area.…”

Municipal annexation: Does state policy matter?

“…One motive for the consolidation which created what is now New York City was to dilute the influence of Tamany Hall in the region by adding middle class voters from outlying areas to the city electorate (Jackson, 1985). Recent empirical work on the racial politics of annexation includes an examination of the patterns of annexation and racial exclusion in the nonmetropolitan South during the 1990s (Lichter et al, 2007). Lichter et al concluded that predominantly white communities were much less likely to annex black populations.…”

Early Dialysis Initiation, a Look from the Rearview Mirror to What’s Ahead

“…Harley et al reported that a higher dialysis patient caseload in urban areas was associated with higher mortality, a relationship that may well hold for rural areas (19). Lichter and Parsi reported that "rural blacks are even more 'ghettoized' than blacks living in metro areas" (20). Kimmel et al found that black dialysis patients in highly segregated areas have a higher mortality than those in less segregated areas (21).…”