Municipal solid waste incineration in China and the issue of acidification: A review

Ji, Longjie; Lu, Shengyong; Yang, Jie; Du, Cuicui; Chen, Zhiliang; Buekens, Alfons; Yan, Jun

doi:10.1177/0734242x16633776

Cited by 74 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Henan and Hebei provinces are significantly lower than those from Shandong despite similar total population, which may indicate that combustion of fluoropolymers in waste incineration facilities (Morisaki, 1978;Kannan et al, 2005;van der Walt et al, 2008;Ji et al, 2016;Bezuidenhoudt et al, 2017) is not a dominant source of c-C 4 F 8 emissions.…”

Section: Emissions From Eastern Asiamentioning

confidence: 97%

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere

Mühle¹,

Trudinger²,

Rigby³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. We reconstruct atmospheric abundances of the potent greenhouse gas c-C4F8 (perfluorocyclobutane, perfluorocarbon PFC-318) from measurements of in situ, archived, firn, and aircraft air samples with precisions of ~&#8201;1&#8211;2&#8201;% reported on the SIO-14 gravimetric calibration scale. Combined with inverse methods, we found near zero atmospheric abundances from the early 1900s to the early 1960s, after which they rose sharply, reaching 1.66&#8201;ppt (parts per trillion dry-air mole fraction) in 2017. Global c-C4F8 emissions rose from near zero in the 1960s to ~&#8201;1.2&#8201;Gg&#8201;yr&#8722;1 in the late 1970s to late 1980s, then declined to ~&#8201;0.8&#8201;Gg&#8201;yr&#8722;1 in the mid-1990s to early 2000s, followed by a rise since the early 2000s to ~&#8201;2.2&#8201;Gg&#8201;yr&#8722;1 in 2017. These emissions are significantly larger than inventory based emission estimates. Estimated emissions from eastern Asia rose from 0.36&#8201;Gg&#8201;yr&#8722;1 in 2010 to 0.73&#8201;Gg&#8201;yr&#8722;1 in 2016 and 2017, 31&#8201;% of global emissions, mostly from eastern China. We estimate emissions of 0.14&#8201;Gg&#8201;yr&#8722;1 from Northern and Central India in 2016 and find evidence for significant emissions from Russia. In contrast, recent emissions from North Western Europe and Australia are estimated to be small (&#8804;&#8201;1&#8201;% each). We conclude that emissions from China, India and Russia are likely related to production of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, &#8220;Teflon&#8221;) and other fluoropolymers that are based on the pyrolysis of hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22 (CHClF2) in which c-C4F8 is a known by-product. The semiconductor sector, where c-C4F8 is used, is estimated to be a small source. Without an obvious correlation with population density, incineration of waste containing fluoropolymers is probably a minor source, and we find no evidence of emissions from electrolytic production of aluminum in Australia. While many possible emissive uses of c-C4F8 are known, the start of significant emissions may well be related to the advent of commercial PTFE production in 1947. Process controls or abatement to reduce c-C4F8 by-product were probably not in place in the early decades, explaining the increase in emissions. With the advent of by-product reporting requirements to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the 1990s, concern about climate change and product stewardship, abatement, and perhaps the collection of c-C4F8 by-product for use in the semiconductor industry where it can be easily abated, it is conceivable that emissions in developed countries were stabilized and then reduced, explaining the observed emission reduction in the 1980s and 1990s. Concurrently, production of PTFE in China began to increase rapidly. Without emission reduction requirements, it is plausible that global emissions today are dominated by China and other developing countries, in agreement with our analysis. We predict that c-C4F8 emissions will continue to rise and that c-C4F8 will become the second most important emitted PFC in terms of CO2-equivalent emissions within a year or two. The 2017 radiative forcing of c-C4F8 (0.52&#8201;mW&#8201;m&#8722;2) is small but emissions of c-C4F8 and other PFCs, due to their very long atmospheric lifetimes, essentially permanently alter Earth's radiative budget and should be reduced. Significant emissions outside of the investigated regions clearly show that observational capabilities and reporting requirements need to be improved to understand global and country scale emissions of PFCs and other synthetic greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances.

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Section: Emissions From Eastern Asiamentioning

confidence: 97%

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere

Mühle¹,

Trudinger²,

Rigby³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Even though overdue, this is a political advance in that it recognizes the need for changes in the approach to MSW management in Brazil, which, as in other developing countries, consists mainly of the collection and final disposal of waste in landfills and/or open dumps (Guerrero et al, 2013;Mavakala et al, 2016). Other technologies, such as composting, recycling and incineration with energy recovery are rarely applied in developing countries, although they are the processes most recommended in the literature (Ali and Courtenay, 2014;Ji et al, 2016;Leme et al, 2014). In order to minimize the environmental impacts, MSW management methods should be prioritized in the following order: waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting, energy recovery and landfill disposal (Williams, 2005).…”

Section: The Brazilian National Policy On Solid Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Municipal solid waste in Brazil: A review

2017

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The production of municipal solid waste (MSW) represents one of the greatest challenges currently faced by waste managers all around the world. In Brazil, the situation with regard to solid waste management is still deficient in many aspects. In 2015, only 58.7% of the MSW collected in Brazilian cities received appropriate final disposal. It was only as late as 2010 that Brazil established the National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) based on the legislation and programmes established in the 1970s in more developed countries. However, the situation with regard to MSW management has changed little since the implementation of the NPSW. Recent data show that, in Brazil, disposal in sanitary landfills is practically the only management approach to MSW. Contrary to expectations, despite the economic recession in 2015 the total annual amount of MSW generated nationwide increased by 1.7%, while in the same period the Brazilian population grew by 0.8% and economic activity decreased by 3.8%. The article describes the panorama with regard to MSW in Brazil from generation to final disposal and discusses the issues related to the delay in implementing the NPSW. The collection of recyclable material, the recycling process, the application of reverse logistics and the determination of the gravimetric composition of MSW in Brazil are also addressed in this article. Finally, a brief comparison is made between MSW management in Brazil and in other countries, the barriers to developing effective waste disposal systems are discussed and some recommendations for future MSW management development in Brazil are given.

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“…We need to concentrate on reduction of garbage. Waste incineration has become one of the main methods of waste disposal12. It involves thermal treatment which leads to garbage reduction, save space, eliminate variety of pathogens, also conversion of toxic and hazardous substances into harmless material34.…”

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confidence: 99%

The application of homemade Neosinocalamus affinis AC in electrokinetic removal technology on heavy metal removal from the MSWI fly ash

Liu

Huang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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This present paper was focused on the manufacture of activated carbon (AC) and its application in the electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology on removal of the heavy metals (HMs) from the municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. AC was produced from Neosinocalamus affinis (NF) by chemical activation with H3PO4 in N2 atmosphere, the effects of activation temperatures, soaking time and impregnation ratios on the adsorption capacity of AC on HMs were examined through equilibrium adsorption experiments. The AC produced under the condition of 450 °C of activation temperature, 10 h of soaking time and 1.5 of impregnation ration was applied in the EKR experiment. The addition of AC in the S3-region of the electrolyzer could effectively improve the removal efficiencies of HMs. The technical parameters of voltage gradient, processing time and proportion were further optimized in the coupled experiments, the maximum removal of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb was 84.93%, 69.61%, 79.57%, and 78.55% respectively obtained under the optimal operating conditions of 2 V/cm of voltage gradient, 8 d of processing time and 20% of proportion.

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Municipal solid waste incineration in China and the issue of acidification: A review

Cited by 74 publications

References 51 publications

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, <i>c</i>-C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>) in the global atmosphere

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, <i>c</i>-C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>) in the global atmosphere

Municipal solid waste in Brazil: A review

The application of homemade Neosinocalamus affinis AC in electrokinetic removal technology on heavy metal removal from the MSWI fly ash

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Municipal solid waste incineration in China and the issue of acidification: A review

Cited by 74 publications

References 51 publications

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, &lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;) in the global atmosphere

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, &lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;) in the global atmosphere

Municipal solid waste in Brazil: A review

The application of homemade Neosinocalamus affinis AC in electrokinetic removal technology on heavy metal removal from the MSWI fly ash

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Product

Resources

About

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, <i>c</i>-C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>) in the global atmosphere

Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, <i>c</i>-C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>) in the global atmosphere