Multivariate statistics to investigate metal contamination in surface soil

The use of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaves as a bioindicator for environmental pollution in the Province of Aydın, Turkey

“…PF values of >10 was taken as significantly inflated, as it was pointed out by Cinar and Elik (2002) that in cases when PF values differ by orders of magnitude for samples collected in this same general area, they can be treated as a reasonably valid measure of the anthropogenic pollution. This criterion (>10) is commonly used in evaluation of soil contamination by enrichment factor (Yay et al 2008). The PF max values were >10 for Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Sr among mainly anthropogenic elements and elements that have both crustal and anthropogenic sources.…”

“…Elements that may be of both crustal and anthropogenic origins had similar CV values to mainly anthropogenic elements. Elemental soil profiles dominated by crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, K) and sea-salt-Na may be considered as typical for the Mediterranean region (Vaccaro et al 2007;Yay et al 2008). It may be postulated that although not as significant as in Germany (Schulz et al 1999) there was a contamination of Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Na, Ni, Pb, and Sr in Aydın when CV and PF max values were considered in conjunction with the literature reported index values.…”

Air pollution forecasting in Ankara, Turkey using air pollution index and its relation to assimilative capacity of the atmosphere

“…However, high SO 2 and particulate matter (PM) levels continued to be a concern in large metropolitan areas where coal combustion is still an important mode of residential heating in low-income districts (Tayanç and Berçin 2007;Akay and Yıldız 2007;Taşdemir et al 2005;Turalıoglu 2005) and around industrial areas (Nuhoglu 2005;Mendil et al 2005;Yenisoy and Tuncel 2004). Contribution of motor vehicles on urban air quality was also well documented for various cities in Turkey (Taşdemir and Esen 2008;Karaca et al 2008;Yay et al 2008;Yatkin and Bayram 2008;Soylu 2007;Koc et al 2004). …”

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and Heavy Metals Accumulation in Soils around Oil Refineries: Case Study from Three Southern Oil Refineries in the State of Kuwait

“…The study showed some important results regarding pollutants. Nevertheless, factories also play a role in the pollution of the soil according to one study by (Yay et al, 2008) in the urbanized area of Ankara and they found that "Concentrations of elements from human activity (e.g., Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ca) in the urbanized area were higher than their corresponding concentrations in global average soil and soil in un-urbanized areas outside the urbanized area (IARC, 1982). Metal contents in soil were very high in densely populated districts and around some industrial facilities.…”