Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals behavior in mine sites for future reclamation

Acosta, José A.; Faz, Ángel; Martínez-Martínez, Silvia; Zornoza, Raúl; Carmona, Dora M.; Kabaş, Sebla

doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.01.004

Cited by 212 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…A geographic information system (ArcGIS 10.1) was used to investigate the spatial distributions of the heavy metals since it allows unit divisions to be evaluated rapidly and gives sufficiently accurate results [23]. The spatial distribution of heavy metals in topsoil is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Topsoilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Pb-Zn Mining Area

Huang¹,

Yuan²,

Li³

et al. 2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Section: Spatial Distribution Of Heavy Metals In Topsoilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Pb-Zn Mining Area

Huang¹,

Yuan²,

Li³

et al. 2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…Over time, mining and related industrial activities contribute to ecosystem degradation, giving rise to large areas of derelict land (Acosta et al 2011;Facchinelli et al 2001;Fryer et al 2006;Liu et al 2005;Mirzaei et al 2014). In the vicinity of a MA, activities such as mineral excavation, ore transportation, smelting, and refining discharge large amounts of spoils, effluents, wastewater, and dust containing heavy metals (HMs) into the soil (Liu et al 2013;Navarro et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Heavy Metal Pollution in Mining Brownfield and Its Policy Implications: A Case Study of the Bayan Obo Rare Earth Mine, Inner Mongolia, China

Pan

2016

Environmental Management

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The rapid urbanization of China and associated demand for land resources necessitates remediation, redevelopment, and reclamation of contaminated soil. Before these measures are taken, a basic investigation and inventory of heavy metal (HM) pollution levels in contaminated soil is necessary for establishing and implementing the redevelopment plan. In the present study, to identify the policy implications of inventorying and mapping HM pollution of soil in brownfields throughout China, the Bayan Obo giant rare earth element (REE)-Nb-Fe ore deposit of Baotou in Inner Mongolia, China, which is the largest REE mineral deposit in the world, was taken as a case study. Soil samples from 24 sites in Bayan Obo mining area (MA) and 76 sites in mine tailing area (TA) were collected for determining contents of soil HMs (Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn). The results showed that the average concentrations of Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in both MA and TA were all higher than their corresponding background values for Inner Mongolia but lower than the Class II criteria of the National Soil Quality Standards of China (GB 15618-1995). Enrichment factor (EF) analysis of the soil samples indicated that the soil in the brownfield sites was highly enriched with Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn compared to the corresponding background values. In MA, the EF for Cd was the highest among the studied elements, while in TA, the EF for Cr (3.45) was the highest, closely followed by the EF for Cd (3.34). The potential ecological risk index (RI) indicated a moderate potential ecological risk from the studied HMs in MA and a low potential ecological risk in TA, and the results of RI also suggested that the soil was most heavily polluted by Cd. According to the spatial distribution maps of HM, contamination hot-spots were primarily located near mining-related high-pollution plants. Based on the results, policy recommendations are proposed related to brownfield management in urban planning.

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“…The importance of each component is expressed by the variance (i.e., eigenvalue) of its projection or by the proportion of the variance explained [49]. Varimax rotation was applied because the orthogonal rotation minimizes the number of variables with a high loading on each component and facilitates the interpretation of relationships and the hypothetical source of metals, lithogenic or anthropogenic [50] [51]. The multivariate statistic method of a small set of data together with other information can provide valuable insight in the context of the sources of soil pollutants [27] [52].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemometric Evaluation of the Heavy Metals in Urban Soil of Fallujah City, Iraq

Salah¹,

Turki²,

Mahal³

2015

JEP

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To evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals and identification of their sources, 20 composite soil samples were collected randomly in Fallujah city, Iraq. To assess the pollution level, we used the soil metal index (SMI) and enrichment factor. We investigated the sources of heavy metal using the chemometric techniques such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The concentrations of Pb and Co have a normal distribution in soil of the study area. Zn and Cd have an approximately normal distribution, and Ni, Cu, and Cr have a nonnormal distribution. Our results revealed that the urban soils in Fallujah city were unpolluted by heavy metals and showed a significant to extremely high enrichments of heavy metals controlled by anthropogenic activities. The moderate to strong positive correlations among Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn suggest that these metals have common sources. The chemometric techniques identify that the source of Cu, Co and Pb is controlled by lithogenic origin and that the source of Cr, Ni and Cd is controlled by mixed sources (lithogenic and anthropogenic).

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Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals behavior in mine sites for future reclamation

Cited by 212 publications

References 42 publications

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Pb-Zn Mining Area

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from a Typical Pb-Zn Mining Area

Investigating Heavy Metal Pollution in Mining Brownfield and Its Policy Implications: A Case Study of the Bayan Obo Rare Earth Mine, Inner Mongolia, China

Chemometric Evaluation of the Heavy Metals in Urban Soil of Fallujah City, Iraq

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