Multivariate Analysis of Gang Delinquency: Ii. Structural and Dynamic Properties of Gangs

Cartwright, Desmond S.; Howard, Kenneth I.; Reuterman, Nicholas A.

doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr0503_4

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…However, both interpretations resonated with a growing sense that street worker programs were ineffective, perhaps even counterproductive (Carney, Mattick, and Callaway, ; Miller, ). Although subsequent analyses of Short and Strodbeck's () data revealed an inverse association between offending behaviors and self‐reported attraction to and identification with the gang (Cartwright, Howard, and Reuterman, ), these findings did little to slow movement away from detached worker intervention programs. Later, as others weighed in to suggest that gangs resort to violence to increase waning cohesion (Decker and Van Winkle, ; Jankowski, ; but see Morash, ), Short () sought to reconcile discrepant findings by pointing to differences in the histories of cohesiveness among studied gangs and in the attitudes of and actions taken by detached workers (e.g., pro‐ vs. anti‐police and active group programming vs. hanging and intervening with individual boys).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Although average degree is similar to the measure of density used in previous research (e.g., Haynie, ; see also Kreager, Rulison, and Moody, ), it differs from both Klein's (, ) and Jansyn's () measure of cohesiveness in that it emphasizes friendships rather than frequency of contact. Despite evidence that gang cohesion is “less a function of internal factors such as affective ties or individual similarities than external factors that spawn social interaction in reaction to gang rivalries” (Hennigan and Spanovic, : 143), interpersonal relations feature prominently in small‐groups research, including studies of adolescent peer groups, and thus seem to be crucial for gang researchers to consider (see, e.g., Allen et al, ; Haynie, ; Kreager, Rulison, and Moody, ; see also Cartwright, Howard, and Reuterman, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Group Cohesiveness, Gang Member Prestige, and Delinquency and Violence in Chicago, 1959–1962

Hughes

2013

Criminology

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Data from Short and Strodtbeck's () study of gangs in Chicago, 1959–1962, are used to examine the association between intragang friendship networks and violent and delinquent behaviors among 248 boys from 11 different gangs (9 Black and 2 White). Contrary to expectations of tightly connected gangs being the most dangerous, estimates from multilevel overdispersed Poisson regression models showed significantly increased mean levels of violence among gangs with relatively low group cohesion. No relationship was observed between delinquency and gang cohesiveness, regardless of the specific network measure employed. At the individual level, popular boys were at a significantly increased risk for both delinquency and violence, suggesting a link between prestigious positions within the structure of gang friendship networks and conformity with group processes. The implications of these findings for detached worker intervention are discussed.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group Cohesiveness, Gang Member Prestige, and Delinquency and Violence in Chicago, 1959–1962

Hughes

2013

Criminology

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“…As suggested in an earlier paper in the series (Cartwright et al, 1970) a group or gang may be characterized partly in terms of its personnel. For example the average age of a gang is a significant piece of information about the gang as a whole.…”

Section: Persomlity M Personnel Chractaristicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Personnel characteristics may also be related to other group properties (Cartwright et al, 1970). Relevant results are shown in Table 5.…”

Section: Persomlity M Personnel Chractaristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Analysis Of Gang Delinquency: Iv. Personality Factors In Gangs And Clubs

Cartwright¹,

Howard²,

Reuterman³

1980

Multivariate Behavioral Research

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A sample of gang members and a comparison group of club boys are compared on eleven factors from the Objective-Analytic Personality Factor Battery. It is found that gang and club boys differ significantly on five of the personality factors, with club boys being more assertive, more exuberant, and more realistic. The gang boys show more manic smartness and less self-realization. Possible relationships between these variables and type of delinquent behavior are examined. Three factors (assertiveness, alertness, and stolidness) do show significant differences between gang boys engaged in different types of delinquent behavior. However, no simple linear relationships are found between personality factors and delinquent behaviors in gangs. The findings are examined in the light of several hypotheses drawn from theories of personality and of gang delinquency.

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“…Tryon and Bailey, 1965, 1967. Tryon and Bailey (1970, Chapter 13) Howard, and Reuterman (1970) studied structural properties (differentiation, etc.) of small groups using behavior profiles and intraclass correlation coefficients between members.…”

Section: Integrative Features Of the Bc Trymentioning

confidence: 99%

The BC TRY integrated statistical computer package

Bailey

Cartwright

1979

Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation

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The statistical features and general characteristics of an integrated statistical package, BC TRY, are reported. The BC TRY system of cluster and factor analysis includes many of the same descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses accomplished by the best of the packages reviewed by Berk (1977l, as well as some unique routines, and it provides the user with exceptional flexibility.Berk (l977) recently surveyed seven integrated packages of computer programs for statistical analyses. Selection was made on the basis of "frequency of use in descriptive and experimental research and compatibility with third-generation computers." The purpose of this paper is to document the statistical features and general characteristics of the BC TRY system of cluster and factor analysis (Tryon & Bailey, 1966 in a manner parallel to that employed by Berk. One of the first such packages to be developed, it continues to be widely used and much in demand. Originally written for the IBM 709 series, the programs are currently running on CDC 6400 (KRONOS operating system) and CYBER (NOS operating system) systems.The BC TRY system is an example of a higher order of "integration" than that offered by other statistical packages. The integration of most packages is very loose, with frequent points of incompatibility and inconsistency in data manipulation, data flow, and transmission of data to and from elements in the package. Functional aspects of the integrative elements of a package are important in its utility. Many packages, however, include components without the necessary focus on integration between components within the system. In this paper we describe some of the integrative features included in the BC TRY system.

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Multivariate Analysis of Gang Delinquency: Ii. Structural and Dynamic Properties of Gangs

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Group Cohesiveness, Gang Member Prestige, and Delinquency and Violence in Chicago, 1959–1962

Group Cohesiveness, Gang Member Prestige, and Delinquency and Violence in Chicago, 1959–1962

Multivariate Analysis Of Gang Delinquency: Iv. Personality Factors In Gangs And Clubs

The BC TRY integrated statistical computer package

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