Multivalent cationic and anionic mixed redox of an Sb₂S₃ cathode toward high-capacity aluminum ion batteries

Abstract

The conventional cationic redox centers of transition-metal-based cathodes are reaching their theoretical capacity limit which cannot match the ultra-high specific capacity contributed by the three-electron transfer reaction of Al anode...

A core–shelled Sb@C nanorod cathode with a graphene aerogel interlayer for high-capacity aluminum ion batteries

“…While in the research of antimony sulfide, Sb 2 S 3 , serial characterizations have confirmed that Sb 2 S 3 undergoes multivalent cationic and anionic mixed redox reactions in RAIBs. 19 In particular, antimony-based cations can be oxidized to the highest valence (+5) and they exist in the form of [SbCl 4 ] + cations, which further confirms the inference from metal antimony. Meanwhile, the graphene aerogel (GA) interlayer with dual functions of a physical barrier and chemical adsorption effectively blocks the diffusion of antimony-based cationic charge products and achieves excellent electrochemical performance.…”

“…The achievement of superior electrochemical performance is not only because the successfully prepared carbon shell suppressed the diffusion of the charging product, but also because the 3D rich-pored graphene aerogel (GA) interlayer strongly adsorbed and inhibited the shuttle effect of the charging product. 19 GA interlayer contribution to the battery capacity is very small and is only 14.5 mA g −1 at the charge cut-off voltage of 1.8 V (Fig. S2†).…”

“…The simple preparation of the precursor rod-shaped Sb 2 S 3 can be found in our previous work. 19 30 mg of synthesized Sb 2 S 3 and 40 mg of dopamine hydrochloride were added to 100 ml of 10 mmol L −1 Tris buffer solution and sonicated for 10 min. After stirring for 3 hours, the product was centrifuged and washed with deionized water and absolute ethanol several times, and dried under vacuum at 60 °C to obtain Sb 2 S 3 @PDA.…”

Aluminium substitution in Sb2S3nanorods enhances the stability of the microstructure and high-rate capability in the alloying regime

“…The peak could be attributed to the surface-adsorbed oxygen. 65 This hump is more prominent in Al-doped Sb 2 S 3 samples, possibly due to oxidation of Al exposed to the surface. Two sets of peaks which can be deconvoluted to S 2p 1/2 and S 2p 3/2 are observed in the high-resolution sulfur spectra [Fig.…”

Triggering Mixed Cationic‐Anionic Redox in Cu2‐xSe Cathodes via Tailored Charge‐Carrier for High Energy Density Aqueous Zn Batteries

“…[20,21] Another major issue is the underrepresented capacity, which can be attributed to the fact that conventional cationic redox centers of TMCs can only provide stepwise single-electron transfer and are reaching the theoretical capacity limit. [22,23] When it comes to these challenges, engineering elevated interface reactions and corresponding adsorption-intercalation processes between charge-carriers and host materials is conducive for improving reaction potential and attaining deeper capacity release. At present, a series of "water in salt" electrolytes (WISEs) have been proposed by dissolving ultrahigh concentration of corrosive salt in water, which introduce crowded charge-carriers at the interface of host material to establish a redox process with higher reaction potential.…”