Multisystemic inflammatory disease in Pheasantshell (Unionidae,Actinonaias pectorosa) associated withYokenella regensburgeiinfection at sites experiencing seasonal mass mortality events

Abstract

Freshwater mussels are integral components of riverine ecosystems, influencing water quality, nutrient cycling, and habitat characteristics. Enigmatic freshwater mussel declines, often characterized by sudden mass mortality events, pose significant challenges to conservation efforts. The Clinch River, a freshwater biodiversity hotspot, has experienced several enigmatic mass mortality events since 2016. Studies have reported bacteria associated with moribund Pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) during mortality events in the Clinch River, specificallyYokenella regensburgei. Despite reports of bacterial infection, little is known about their role as pathogens. Through a multiyear case-control study, combining in-situ experiments, field surveys, histology, bacterial isolation, and high-throughput sequencing, we assessed the role of bacteria in Pheasantshell (Actinonais pectorosa) mortality at two sites in the Clinch River. Between May 2021 and December 2023, we collected 29 wild moribund free-livingA. pectorosaand 68 hatchery-rearedA. pectorosamaintained in silos at the same sites and investigated differences in pathology and microbiology between groups. No silo mussels presented clinical signs of disease, or gross or microscopic lesions associated with pathological conditions leading to mortality. Our findings reveal a significant association betweenYokenella regensburgeiand severe multisystemic and multifocal infiltrative hemocytosis with necrosis, consistent with sepsis. Lesions associated with yokenellosis were of sufficient severity and physiological significance to explain mortality in infected hosts. Although our study does not explain the cause of these infections, it confirms that mussels at our study sites are ultimately dying from an infectious disease and thatY. regensburgeican be pathogenic in free-living mussels. Our results underscore the importance of considering bacterial diseases in wild mussel populations and emphasize the need for further research to elucidate the epidemiology and pathogenicity ofY. regensburgei. Overall, our study highlights the importance of integrated approaches combining pathology, microbiology, and epidemiology in freshwater mussel conservation efforts.

Yokenella regensburgei—Past, Present and Future

“…However, as stated by the authors, these initial observations require further controlled studies in order to properly assess the involvement of Y. regensburgei in mass mortality events in mussels [24]. Some evidence of the pathogenic potential in mussels is addressed by Da Silva Neto et al in an article evaluating seasonal mass mortality events in freshwater pheasantshell mussles (Ortmanniana pectorosa, previously Actinonaias pectorosa-order Unionida) [28]. They were able to describe for the first time the foci of hemocytic nodulation and necrosis in these mussels [28].…”

“…Some evidence of the pathogenic potential in mussels is addressed by Da Silva Neto et al in an article evaluating seasonal mass mortality events in freshwater pheasantshell mussles (Ortmanniana pectorosa, previously Actinonaias pectorosa-order Unionida) [28]. They were able to describe for the first time the foci of hemocytic nodulation and necrosis in these mussels [28].…”