Multistate Outbreak of<i>Escherichia coli</i>O157:H7 Infection Associated with Consumption of Packaged Spinach, August–September 2006: The Wisconsin Investigation

Wendel, Arthur M.; Johnson, Diep Hoang; Sharapov, Umid M.; Grant, Juliana; Archer, John R. H.; Monson, Timothy; Koschmann, Cindy; Davis, Jeffrey P.

doi:10.1086/597399

Cited by 188 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Between 1992 and 2006, 2,274 foodborne outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease were reported in England and Wales, 82 (4%) of which were associated with the consumption of prepared salads (24). It is widely recognized that uncooked salad vegetables can be a cause of foodborne infectious disease (25)(26)(27). Although there are few reports specifically identifying watercress as being associated with cases of bacterial foodborne disease, a previous review of risk factors for STEC O157 cases in England and Wales demonstrated that consumption of watercress was associated with infection (28).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Investigation of Two Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Associated with Consumption of Watercress

Jenkins

Dallman

Launders

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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f An increase in the number of cases of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 phage type 2 (PT2) in England in September 2013 was epidemiologically linked to watercress consumption. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified a phylogenetically related cluster of 22 cases (outbreak 1). The isolates comprising this cluster were not closely related to any other United Kingdom strain in the Public Health England WGS database, suggesting a possible imported source. A second outbreak of STEC O157 PT2 (outbreak 2) was identified epidemiologically following the detection of outbreak 1. Isolates associated with outbreak 2 were phylogenetically distinct from those in outbreak 1. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates on the same branch as the outbreak 2 cluster included those from human cases in England with domestically acquired infection and United Kingdom domestic cattle. Environmental sampling using PCR resulted in the isolation of STEC O157 PT2 from irrigation water at one implicated watercress farm, and WGS showed this isolate belonged to the same phylogenetic cluster as outbreak 2 isolates. Cattle were in close proximity to the watercress bed and were potentially the source of the second outbreak. Transfer of STEC from the field to the watercress bed may have occurred through wildlife entering the watercress farm or via runoff water. During this complex outbreak investigation, epidemiological studies, comprehensive testing of environmental samples, and the use of novel molecular methods proved invaluable in demonstrating that two simultaneous outbreaks of STEC O157 PT2 were both linked to the consumption of watercress but were associated with different sources of contamination.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Investigation of Two Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Associated with Consumption of Watercress

Jenkins

Dallman

Launders

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…PCR genotyping demonstrated that each of the 39 Missouri and Kansas case isolates belonged to E. coli O157:H7 phylogenetic cluster 1. Cluster 1 has two main branches (14), the 87-14 lineage, named for an E. coli O157:H7 strain recovered in Washington State in 1987, and the TW14359 lineage, named for an E. coli O157:H7 strain associated with a nationwide outbreak attributed to spinach in 2006 (19).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precise Dissection of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis

et al. 2013

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The current pathogen-typing methods have suboptimal sensitivities and specificities. DNA sequencing offers an opportunity to type pathogens with greater degrees of discrimination using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) than with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and other methodologies. In a recent cluster of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections attributed to salad bar exposures and romaine lettuce, a subset of cases denied exposure to either source, although PFGE and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) suggested that all isolates had the same recent progenitor. Interrogation of a preselected set of 3,442,673 nucleotides in backbone open reading frames (ORFs) identified only 1 or 2 single nucleotide differences in 3 of 12 isolates from the cases who denied exposure. The backbone DNAs of 9 of 9 and 3 of 3 cases who reported or were unsure about exposure, respectively, were isogenic. Backbone ORF SNP set sequencing offers pathogen differentiation capabilities that exceed those of PFGE and MLVA.

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“…However, a large outbreak (.4000 cases) of gastroenteritis and HUS belonging to an unusual (O104:H4), non-O157 STEC strain, predominantly affecting adults (89%), recently occurred in Germany (7). More than 25% of cases developed HUS, a proportion that is much higher than in previous outbreaks (8)(9)(10). The E. coli O104:H4 strain combines virulence potentials of enteroaggregative E. coli with a characteristic "stacked-brick" pattern of adherence to intestinal epithelial cells and of typical Stx-producing enterohemorrhagic E. coli (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of the Lectin-like Domain of Thrombomodulin Worsens Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Mice

Zoja

Locatelli

Pagani

et al. 2012

The Journal of Immunology

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Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli is a primary cause of diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a disorder of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal failure. The pathophysiology of renal microvascular thrombosis in Stx-HUS is still ill-defined. Based on evidence that abnormalities in thrombomodulin (TM), an anticoagulant endothelial glycoprotein that modulates complement and inflammation, predispose to atypical HUS, we assessed whether impaired TM function may adversely affect evolution of Stx-HUS. Disease was induced by coinjection of Stx2/LPS in wild-type mice (TMwt/wt) and mice that lack the lectin-like domain of TM (TMLeD/LeD), which is critical for its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. After Stx2/LPS, TMLeD/LeD mice exhibited more severe thrombocytopenia and renal dysfunction than TMwt/wt mice. Lack of lectin-like domain of TM resulted in a stronger inflammatory reaction after Stx2/LPS with more neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages infiltrating the kidney, associated with PECAM-1 and chemokine upregulation. After Stx2/LPS, intraglomerular fibrin(ogen) deposits were detected earlier in TMLeD/LeD than in TMwt/wt mice. More abundant fibrin(ogen) deposits were also found in brain and lungs. Under basal conditions, TMLeD/LeD mice exhibited excess glomerular C3 deposits, indicating impaired complement regulation in the kidney that could lead to local accumulation of proinflammatory products. TMLeD/LeD mice with HUS had a higher mortality rate than TMwt/wt mice. If applicable to humans, these findings raise the possibility that genetic or acquired TM defects might have an impact on the severity of microangiopathic lesions after exposure to Stx-producing E. coli infections and raise the potential for using soluble TM in the treatment of Stx-HUS.

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Multistate Outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 Infection Associated with Consumption of Packaged Spinach, August–September 2006: The Wisconsin Investigation

Abstract: The rapid multijurisdictional epidemiologic and laboratory response, including timely pulsed-field gel electrophoresis pattern analysis and PulseNet posting, facilitated prompt voluntary recall of brand A spinach.

Cited by 188 publications

References 30 publications

Public Health Investigation of Two Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Associated with Consumption of Watercress

Public Health Investigation of Two Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Associated with Consumption of Watercress

Precise Dissection of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis

Lack of the Lectin-like Domain of Thrombomodulin Worsens Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Mice

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