Multistage SrBaTiO₃/PDMS Composite Film‐Based Hybrid Nanogenerator for Efficient Floor Energy Harvesting Applications

Abstract

However, there are a few challenges such as limited triboelectric materials, low surface charge density, environmental effect, and effective utilization of mechanical energy from various sources. [5][6][7] Most triboelectric materials used in the fabrication of TENGs are polymers. However, the polymers have a low dielectric constant due to their lower single-bond stability and less material density. [8,9] The low dielectric constant causes lower surface charge generation upon contact and results in less electrical output from the respective TENG device. [8] Meanwhile, loading perovskite particles having a very high dielectric constant or ferroelectricity/piezoelectricity into a polymer film could potentially enhance its dielectric constant, thus resulting in improved electrical output. [10,11] Herein, the fabricated device was named a hybrid nanogenerator (HNG) due to the hybridization of piezoelectric and triboelectric effects. Along with the development of an improved triboelectric film to efficiently convert mechanical energy into electricity, the device structure of HNG is also important to maximize its utilization to harvest various mechanical motions into electricity. Various TENG/HNG designs have been developed to effectively harvest rotational, linear, and vibrational kinetic motions into electrical energy by using any of the four TENG operational working modes (contact-separation mode, lateral sliding mode, single-electrode mode, and free-standing mode). [12][13][14] Human walking is highly available biomechanical energy in the surrounding environment, which could be harvested to produce electricity. Thus, various nanogenerator devices which could harvest mechanical energy from walking into electricity were reported. [15,16] On the other hand, BaTiO 3 is an ABO 3 type well-known lead-free inorganic versatile perovskite material that has been studied and implemented in lots of applications in various fields. [17] The BaTiO 3 has a high dielectric constant but exhibits poor ferroelectric polarization at room temperature and could be enhanced by adding various A or B site dopant materials. [18] Triboelectric nanogenerators are an emerging energy-scavenging technology that can harvest kinetic energy from various mechanical moments into electricity. The energy generated while humans walk is the most commonly available biomechanical energy. Herein, a multistage consecutively-connected hybrid nanogenerator (HNG) is fabricated and combined with a flooring system (MCHCFS) to efficiently harvest mechanical energy while humans walk. Initially, the electrical output performance of the HNG is optimized by fabricating a prototype device using various strontium-doped barium titanate (Ba 1-x Sr x TiO 3 , BST) microparticles loaded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite films. The BST/PDMS composite film acts as a negative triboelectric layer that operates against aluminum. Single HNG operated in contact-separation mode could generate an electrical output of ≈280 V, ≈8.5 µA, and ≈90 µC m −2 . The stability and robustness ...

Highly stretchable hydroxyapatite bionanocomposite for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators

“…Powder tends to agglomerate as concentration increases, resulting in segregated clusters rather than a uniform mixture, which explains this behavior. 30 Once the HA concentration in the bionanocomposite film increased above 14 wt%, the particles began to agglomerate within the composite film, as seen in Fig. S1 †.…”

“…4 TENGs are an innovative technology that make use of electrification and electrostatic induction to convert unpredictable mechanical energy created by human actions (such as hand tapping or walking) and natural events (such as wind, waves, or rain) or vibrations from vehicles into an electrical current. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Various technologies have been used to achieve high performance such as plasma processing, 16,17 3D-surface pattern lasers, 18,19 layer by layer assembly, [20][21][22] electron blocking layers, 23,24 porous materials, 25,26 thermal imprinting lithography, 27 charge-trapping effects, 18 ultrasound technique, 28,29 high dielectric constant materials (e.g., barium titanate loaded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), strontium-doped barium titanate loaded PDMS), 13,[30][31][32][33][34][35] and the electron double layer effect. 36 These technologies have increased output performance.…”

“…Various technologies have been used to achieve high performance such as plasma processing, 16,17 3D-surface pattern lasers, 18,19 layer by layer assembly, 20–22 electron blocking layers, 23,24 porous materials, 25,26 thermal imprinting lithography, 27 charge-trapping effects, 18 ultrasound technique, 28,29 high dielectric constant materials ( e.g. , barium titanate loaded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), strontium-doped barium titanate loaded PDMS), 13,30–35 and the electron double layer effect. 36 These technologies have increased output performance.…”

From Triboelectric Nanogenerator to Hybrid Energy Harvesters: A Review on the Integration Strategy toward High Efficiency and Multifunctionality

“…Due to the vertical multilayer structure of the device, the friction and piezoelectric parts operate simultaneously to collect mechanical energy during human movement. The collected energy can be used for sustainable road lighting to save huge electricity waste [101].…”

Enhanced nanogenerator by embedding lead-free double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 in polymer matrix for hybrid energy harvesting

“…Energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations 1,2 or biomechanical movements 3 using eco-friendly energy-harvesting technologies has inspired considerable research enthusiasm in convenient environmental energy collection and electrical energy conversion. 4,5 Nanogenerators (NGs), including triboelectric 6 (TE) NGs and piezoelectric 7 (PE) NGs, are potentially convenient and efficient energy harvesting schemes that have extensive applications as sustainable power sources for small-scale portable electronic devices 8 due to their advantages of simple implementation mechanism, 9 convenient manufacturing process, 10 diverse material selections, 11 and abundant structural designs. 12 To effectively convert distributed low-frequency mechanical energy 13 into usable electricity, TENGs usually separate opposite polarity charges originating from the contact of different substances through the TE effect 14 based on the coupling of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, while the electricity in PENGs originates from the mechanical deformation 15 of the PE material between two electrodes.…”