“…7,8) In considering practical applications, the cyclic deformation and fatigue properties of UFG materials have been studied extensively. In particular, the following characteristic features in cyclic deformation of UFG Cu processed by ECAP have been sporadically reported: (1) cyclic softening is frequently detected as a stress-strain response, [9][10][11][12][13] (2) macroscopic shear bands (SBs) are formed inhomogeneously, 9,10,13-18) (3) coarse grains are locally developed. 9,12,14,15,[19][20][21] For example, Wu et al 14,15) observed no grain coarsening, while they found apparent SBs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation.…”