Multiscale Graphene‐Based Materials for Applications in Sodium Ion Batteries

Abstract

renewable energy is imperative and of great significance for human beings. As the ideal alternatives, green energy sources including wind, solar energy, water, and tide power have been widely applied in modern industry successfully, but their intermittent and variability feature cannot support all-weather utilization. [3][4][5] Hence, developing high-efficiency energy storage and conversion technology is a powerful measure to solve the above problems. Currently, there has been great interest in developing/refining high-performance electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells. Among various EES technologies, secondary rechargeable batteries (e.g., lead-acid batteries, Ni-Cd batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium/sodium ion batteries) have been extensively studied and play an important role in modern electronics and transportation. [6] Typically, since the successful commercialization of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) by Sony in 1991, we have entered into an era of LIBs due to their high working voltage, long cycles, low self-discharge, large energy density, and low maintenance. [7] After rapid development over the past decades, the fabrication techniques and performance of LIBs have made great progress and matured significantly to be used as main power source for sophisticated electronics, [8] hybrid electric vehicles, and pure electric vehicles. [1,9] However, the high Scrupulous design and smart hybridization of bespoke electrode materials are of great importance for the advancement of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Graphene-based nanocomposites are regarded as one of the most promising electrode materials for SIBs due to the outstanding physicochemical properties of graphene and positive synergetic effects between graphene and the introduced active phase. In this review, the recent progress in graphene-based electrode materials for SIBs with an emphasis on the electrode design principle, different preparation methods, and mechanism, characterization, synergistic effects, and their detailed electrochemical performance is summarized. General design rules for fabrication of advanced SIB materials are also proposed. Additionally, the merits and drawbacks of different fabrication methods for graphene-based materials are briefly discussed and summarized. Furthermore, multiscale forms of graphene are evaluated to optimize electrochemical performance of SIBs, ranging from 0D graphene quantum dots, 2D vertical graphene and reduced graphene oxide sheets, to 3D graphene aerogel and graphene foam networks. To conclude, the challenges and future perspectives on the development of graphene-based materials for SIBs are also presented.

Synergistic Doping and Intercalation: Realizing Deep Phase Modulation on MoS2 Arrays for High‐Efficiency Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…Themeasured lattice spacing of about 0.34 nm is well indexed with the (002) plane of graphitic carbon (JCPDS 75-1621), suggesting its good crystallinity with high electrical conductivity. [18][19][20] After the following hydrothermal (HT) process and annealing treatment in Ar, wrinkled MoS 2 nanosheets are uniformly grown along the VG skeleton to form MoS 2 /VG core-shell array (Supporting Information, Figure S3a Figure S3e,f). Furthermore,e nergy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping images (Supporting Information, Figure S4) of (N,PO 4 3À )-MoS 2 /VGdemonstrate the uniform distributions of C, Mo,S ,P ,a nd Ne lements,f urther suggesting the successful fabrication of (N,PO 4 3À )-MoS 2 /VGa rray.I mpressively,n otice that the interlayer distance of (N,PO 4 3À )-MoS 2 / VG is 0.695 nm (Figure 1d), which is larger than that of pure 2H-MoS 2 (0.64 nm) (Supporting Information, Figure S3b).…”

Coupled Biphase (1T‐2H)‐MoSe2 on Mold Spore Carbon for Advanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…Electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is considered as one of the greenest technologies to produce hydrogen energy . It is well known that the HER efficiency and corresponding energy consumption are largely dependent on the physicochemical & electrochemical properties of electrocatalysts.…”

Construction of 1T‐MoSe2/TiC@C Branch–Core Arrays as Advanced Anodes for Enhanced Sodium Ion Storage

“…Additionally, sodium (23 g mol −1 ) is also heavier than lithium (6.9 g mol −1 ) and has higher standard electrode potential. This makes SIBs suffer from lower gravimetric and volumetric capacities than LIBs . Therefore, although the graphite anodes have achieved great success in commercial LIBs, they are still not suitable for SIBs due to unsuitable interlayer spacing .…”

“…This makes SIBs suffer from lower gravimetric and volumetric capacities than LIBs. [8] Therefore, although the graphite anodesh ave achieved great success in commercial LIBs, they are still not suitable for SIBs duet ou nsuitable interlayer spacing. [9] In view of this consideration, the design and fabrication of new advanced anode materials for sodium ion batteries are of great significance.…”