Multiresolution mode decomposition (MMD) is an adaptive tool to analyze a time serieswith time-dependent amplitudes, frequencies, and waveforms. The multiresolution expansion coefficients {a n,k }, {b n,k }, and the shape function series {s cn,k (t)} and {s sn,k (t)} provide innovative features for adaptive time series analysis. The MMD aims at identifying these MIMF's (including their multiresolution expansion coefficients and shape functions series) from their superposition. However, due to the lack of efficient algorithms to solve the MMD problem, the application of MMD for large-scale data science is prohibitive, especially for real-time data analysis. This paper proposes a fast algorithm for solving the MMD problem based on recursive diffeomorphism-based spectral analysis (RDSA). RDSA admits highly efficient numerical implementation via the nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT); its convergence and accuracy can be guaranteed theoretically. Numerical examples from synthetic data and natural phenomena are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.