Multiproxy analysis of paleoenvironmental, paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes during the early Danian in the Caravaca section (Spain)

Supplemental Material: Contribution of orbital forcing and Deccan volcanism to global climatic and biotic changes across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary at Zumaia, Spain

“…This bloom has been recognized at Zumaia and other openocean sites worldwide (Fig. S5), such as Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Site 577 (central Pacific; Smit and Romein, 1985), Agost (Spain; Canudo et al, 1991), ODP Site 528 (South Atlantic;D'Hondt and Keller, 1991), Gubbio (Italy; Coccioni et al, 2010), El Kef (Tunisia; Arenillas et al, 2018), and Caravaca (Spain; Gilabert et al, 2021b). We hypothesize that the massive input of nutrients to the surface ocean due to effusive Deccan volcanism may have been a stressor for pelagic ecosystems starting ∼90 k.y.…”

New Biochronological Scales of Planktic Foraminifera for the Early Danian Based on High-Resolution Biostratigraphy

“…The two lower Danian biozonations proposed here are mainly based on the pelagic sections of Caravaca [8,24,[30][31][32], Zumaia [9,24,30,33] and Agost [24,34] (Spain), Gubbio [9,35,36] (Italy), El Kef [24,[37][38][39][40], Aïn Settara [24,30,39,41,42] and Elles [24,30,43] (Tunisia), La Lajilla [24,44] and Bochil [30,45] (Mexico), and Moncada [46] (Cuba) (Figure 1), which we studied preferably with high-resolution methodology. This selection includes the El Kef section, where the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Danian Stage was defined [37], and most of the designated auxiliary sections (Caravaca, Zumaia, Aïn Settara, Elles, and Bochil) [30].…”

“…For the magnetochronological calibrations, we rely on a recent bio-magnetostratigraphical correlation from the Caravaca section performed by Gilabert et al [8] (see details in Supplementary Table S1). The lowermost Danian at Caravaca is characterized by a ~6 cm thick dark clay bed, with a ~2 cm thick darker clay in its basal part [4,30,48].…”

“…Following the Geological Time Scale 2020 [54] for the early Danian, which is based on astronomical calibrations [55], we assign an age of 66.001 Ma to the KPB, 65.700 Ma to the C29r/C29n reversal, 64.862 Ma to C29n/C28r, 64.645 Ma to C28r/C28n, and 63.537 Ma to C28n/C27r: i.e., 0, 301, 1139, 1356 and 2464 kyr after the KPB, respectively (Table 1). [8], Agost (upper-middle bathyal; Spain) [34], Zumaia (middle bathyal; Spain) [9], Gubbio (lower bathyal; Italy) [9], El Kef (outer sublittoral-upper bathyal; Tunisia) [40], Aïn Settara (outer sublittoral; Tunisia) [41], Elles (outer sublittoral; Tunisia) [43], Moncada (upper bathyal; Cuba) [46], La Lajilla (lower bathyal; Mexico) [44], and Bochil (upper bathyal; Mexico) [45]. Red line = triserial guembelitriid group (Guembelitria and Chiloguembelitria).…”

“…The highest resolution of the planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphic scales is achieved in the lower Danian, after the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary (KPB) mass extinction, because numerous small-size species began to appear following a model of "explosive" evolutionary radiation [3,4]. Planktic foraminiferal specialists have tended to establish increasingly detailed biozonations for the lower Danian in order to analyze in ever greater detail the succession, time, and duration of the rapid paleobiological, paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes that occurred after the KPB, which are currently the subject of intensive study [5][6][7][8][9].…”