“…Given a schedule, let Sj and C j denote the starting and completion time of task J j , respectively, for j =1, ... , n. We wish to minimize the length or makespan ofa schedule, that is, the maximum task completion time, defined as C max=maxlSjSnCj ' There are two variants of the problem, depending on whether the number of processors is restrictively small or not. With a modification of the three-field notation scheme that was proposed by Veltman, Lageweg, and Lenstra [1990] as an extension of the terminology introduced by Graham, Lawler, Lenstra, and Rinnooy Kan [1979], we denote the first variant by P Iprec,c = I,pj= II C max and the second variant by poo Iprec,c = I,Pj = II C max ' The P Iprec,c = I,Pj = II C max problem was first addressed by Rayward-Smith [1987], who established NP-hardness and showed that an active schedule is no longer than 3-2/m times the optimum. A schedule is active if no task can start earlier without increasing the start time of another task.…”