“…Six years later, Spence & Zuo (1988) reported a 576 × 382 pixel CCD imaging system which used an indirect detection scheme, involving an electron scintillator screen and an optical coupler, which avoided some of the problems encountered in the direct detection design. Many more experimental systems have since been reported and research effort in this direction continues until this day (Aikens et al ., 1989; Chapman et al ., 1989; Daberkow et al ., 1991; Krivanek et al ., 1991; Herrmann & Liu, 1992; Kujawa & Krahl, 1992; Fan & Ellisman, 1993; Krivanek & Mooney, 1993; Faruqi et al ., 1995; Herrmann & Sikeler, 1995; Daberkow et al ., 1996; Downing & Hendrickson, 1999; Fan et al ., 2000). These systems and the commercial digital imaging systems specifically designed for TEM, which became available in the early 1990s, have been successfully used in many applications that are difficult or impossible to carry out without an online digital imaging system, including microscope autotuning (Krivanek & Fan, 1992), automated electron tomography (Dierksen et al ., 1992; Koster & de Ruijter, 1992; Koster et al ., 1992), electron holography (Daberkow et al ., 1996; Duan et al ., 1998), protein electron crystallography (Brink & Chiu, 1994; Downing & Hendrickson, 1999; Faruqi et al ., 1999) and telemicroscopy (Fan et al ., 1993; Voelkl et al ., 1997).…”