Multiport Compact Stacked Patch Antenna With 360° Beam Steering for Generating Dynamic Directional Modulation

Abstract

In this contribution, we propose a multiport compact antenna that supports four radiating modes operating at the same frequency thus making it a suitable candidate to substitute a linear array of four antennas. It will be also shown as this antenna produces dynamic directional modulation (DDM) with low bit error rate (BER) in a unique, unambiguous (secure) angular region that can be chosen freely in the XY plane. Trade-offs between the BER beam width of the secure angular region, the BER at side lobes and the extra power required in the generation of DDM are assessed through measurements with real-time data transmission.

Spherical Modes Driven Directional Modulation With a Compact MIMO Antenna

“…The largest beamwidth region with BER< 10 −2 is 44 • for the measured MIMO and 61.5 • for the array structure; this translates into a more secure wireless communication as a much narrower transmission region is realized with the MIMO antenna. It is worth noting that, like most state-of-the-art works [2], [4], [13], [14], the proposed scheme assumes no multi-path effect between the transmitter and the receiver. Even though DM solutions in multi-path channels have been studied in, e.g.…”

“…To address the size-constraints in IoT scenarios, few works have investigated DM using compact multimodal antennas, e.g. : in [13], a dual-mode antenna of λ/2 diameter is proposed for DM; in [14], a four-mode antenna of 0.7λ diameter is presented for dynamic DM; in [15], a five-mode antenna of 0.65λ is proposed for DM in onbody IoT devices. However, in those works either a relatively large size/profile is still used (limiting their implementation for small IoT scenarios), high side-lobes are present (which can be exploited by eavesdroppers to retrieve the transmitted information), experimental verifications are not discussed, or a model highlighting the complete theoretical framework for synthesizing different beam patterns around the azimuth plane, for a given antenna space, is not presented.…”

Accurate and Efficient Evaluation of Bit Error Rate for Dynamic Directional Modulation for Standard Modulation Schemes

“…Let us consider the compact multimode antenna proposed in [37]. This radiating structure can perform the functions of a four-element array while generating a radiation pattern with a single maximum that can be steered freely in any direction in the XY plane.…”

“…Figure 9. Compact antenna of[37], interference radiation patterns generated by antenna weights C k (15) and A k(16). (a)φ 1 = 111 • .…”

Directional Modulation from a Wrist-Wearable Compact Antenna

“…In this paper, we investigate for the first time in the openliterature, directional modulation from wrist-wearable devices. Although most DM implementations use antenna arrays [1], [2]; DM using compact antennas is investigated in [6], [7]. However, these implementations are either limited within (0 • − 180 • ), have too high-profile for wrist-wearable devices, or the secrecy can be compromised by high side-lobe levels.…”