Multipoint radio probe of the solar corona: The trans-coronal radio array fleet

Abstract

The Trans-Coronal Radio Array Fleet (T-CRAF) is a mission concept designed to continuously probe the magnetic field and plasma density structure of the corona at heliocentric distances of ≈ 2 − 10 R⊙ (solar radius, R⊙ = 695, 700 km). T-CRAF consists of thirty small satellites orbiting the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point L3 in order to provide thirty lines of sight (LOS) for ground- or space-based radio propagation studies. T-CRAF is divided into three sets of orbits, each with ten satellites: the first group provides LOS at a solar offset, SO (i.e. closest solar approach) of heliocentric distances 2–4 R⊙ to provide continuous coverage in the middle corona, including initial slow solar wind acceleration; the second group of spacecraft probes the corona at SO = 4–7 R⊙ to cover the region including transition to a supersonic slow solar wind; the outer T-CRAF group is positioned to afford coverage for SO > 7 R⊙ as the winds continue to accelerate towards the Alfvén speed threshold. Each satellite is equipped with a multi-frequency (S-band, C-band, and X-band) linearly polarized transmitter. T-CRAF provides the capability to simultaneously measure the mean values and fluctuations of the magnetic field and plasma density within the solar wind, stream interaction regions, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Multiple downlink frequencies provide opportunities to use radio ranging (measurement of group time delay) and apparent-Doppler tracking (measurement of frequency shifts) to infer the plasma density and density gradient along each LOS. Linearly polarized signals provide the ability to detect Faraday rotation (FR) and FR fluctuations, used to infer the magnetic field and field fluctuations along each LOS.

Progressing Towards Faraday Rotation Tomography of the Solar Wind

“…These LOS would also provide critical measurements to evaluate restructuring of the corona afterwards. This is Figure1inKooi et al [2022a].limit how far out into the solar wind FR may be detected), the sporadic nature of the observations (e.g. simultaneous availability of spacecraft and radio telescope operations, and suitable spacecraft positioning), and, of course, one spacecraft transmitter provides a single LOS.…”

“…The orbits they proposed would provide two LOS with solar offsets (SO, distance from the heliocenter to the point of closest solar approach, or proximate point, along the LOS) at heliocentric distances 3 − 5 R ⊙ and 10 − 13 R ⊙ .However, two LOS is insufficient. An evolution of this idea is the Trans-Coronal Radio Array Fleet [T-CRAF:Kooi et al 2022a], which consists of thirty small satellites orbiting the Sun-Earth Lagrange Point L3 in order to provide thirty LOS for continuous ground-or space-based radio propagation studies of the corona and CMEs. These thirty spacecraft would be divided into three sets of orbits, each with ten satellites: the first group provides LOS at SO = 2 − 4 R ⊙ ; the second group provides LOS at SO = 4−7 R ⊙ ; the outer group provides LOS for SO > 7 R ⊙ .…”