Multiplicative Effects of Social and Psychological Risk Factors on College Students’ Suicidal Behaviors

Assari, Shervin

doi:10.3390/brainsci8050091

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…For example, Whites and Blacks differ in the additive and multiplicative effects of socioeconomic status, religiosity, and psychiatric disorders on suicide [ 19 , 23 ]. Multiple psychiatric disorders have sub-additive effects among Whites [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], but these effects seem to be synergistic for Blacks [ 23 ]. Even within Blacks, major ethnic differences exist in the types of psychiatric disorders that are relevant to suicidality [ 21 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide Attempts in Michigan HealthCare System; Racial Differences

Assari

2018

Brain Sciences

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Background. Community-based studies have documented racial differences in social, psychiatric, and medical determinants of suicidal ideation; however, less is known about racial differences in the profile of suicide attempts in clinical settings. Aim. The current study aimed to compare Blacks and Whites who attempted suicide for demographic factors, socioeconomic status, medical history, psychiatric disorders, and outcomes. Methods. This retrospective study was a retrospective chart review of DataDirect, which is an electronic data repository of the Michigan Health Care System, 2014 to 2017. This analysis included 6147 suicide attempts (5388 Whites and 759 Blacks). Race, sociodemographic factors, medical history, psychiatric disorders, and outcomes were measured. Results. Blacks and Whites with suicide attempt did not differ in age or gender, but varied by insurance type. Blacks were more commonly under Medicare and Medicaid, while Whites were more commonly under private insurance or self-pay (p < 0.05). Blacks with suicide attempt were more likely to be obese, while Whites with suicide attempt were more likely to be underweight. Frequency of psychiatric disorders, including depression, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and psychosis, were not different between Whites and Blacks with suicide attempt; however, medical conditions showed a different profile across racial groups. When compared to Whites, Blacks had higher prevalence of uncomplicated hypertension, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coagulopathy, and obesity (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In contrast, Whites had higher prevalence of other neurological disorders than Blacks. There were no differences in in-patient survival rate between Whites and Blacks who attempted suicide. Conclusion. There are considerable differences between Blacks and Whites with at least one suicide attempt. Although their psychiatric diagnoses seem to be similar, Blacks who have attempted suicide attempt have more medical comorbidities than their White counterparts. Lack of racial disparities in in-patient mortality rate of suicide attempts in the Michigan Health Care System is promising news given the higher physical health needs of Blacks when compared to Whites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide Attempts in Michigan HealthCare System; Racial Differences

Assari

2018

Brain Sciences

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“…Our 1st result is in-line with what we know about parental education's role as a social determinant of health in general (Cuevas et al, 2020;Williams, 1999) and brain development in particular (Brody et al, 2017;Farah, 2018;Hackman et al, 2013;Hackman & Farah, 2009;Hackman, Farah, & Meaney, 2010;Hanson, Chandra, Wolfe, & Pollak, 2011; "Poverty and brain development", 2015). Marmot (2005;Singh-Manoux, Richards, & Marmot, 2005;Stringhini et al, 2018), Phelan (1995, 2009;Phelan, Link, Diez-Roux, Kawachi, & Levin, 2004), Mirowsky and Ross (2015;Ross & Mirowsky, 2011), and many other investigators (Cuevas et al, 2020;Williams, 1999) performance (Assari, 2019c;Assari & Caldwell, 2019b), ADHD (Assari & Caldwell, 2019a), anxiety (Assari, Caldwell, & Zimmerman, 2018), obesity (Assari, Thomas, et al, 2018), and health (Assari, Caldwell, & Mincy, 2018b) Risk of poor mental and physical health outcomes, such as depression, anxiety, suicide, chronic disease, and obesity, also remains high in high SES Black American children ( Assari, 2018f;Assari & Caldwell, 2019a;. Similar MDRs (Assari, 2017c) are shown for children (S. Assari, 2018d;…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Parental Education and Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation: Minorities’ Diminished Returns

Assari¹

2020

ASSC

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Background. Considerable research has documented the effects of race and Socioeconomic Status (SES) on reward-seeking behaviors; however, less is known about the multiplicative effects of race and family SES on brain response to reward anticipation. Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that family SES would show weaker effects on brain development of children in non-White families than in White families. Objective. To test race by SES variation in Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) response to reward anticipation (NAcc-RA) among American children. Methods. For this cross-sectional analysis, data came from the Adolescents Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study which included 6,419,9-10 year old children. The independent variable was parental education. The moderator was race. The primary outcome was the right NAcc-RA. Age, sex, ethnicity, household income, and family structure were the covariates. We used mixed-effect regression models that adjusted for the nested nature of the ABCD data. Results. While high parental education was associated with a higher amount of right NAcc-RA, this effect was stronger for White than non-White children. This finding was evident in the observed interactions between race and parental education on the right NAcc-RA. Discussion. For American children, NAcc-RA is not shaped by race or family SES, but by their intersection. As a result of the interaction between race and SES (diminished return of SES for non-Whites), middle-class racial minority children may remain susceptible to high-risk behaviors. Disparities in high-risk behaviors in children should not be reduced to economic disparities. Structural inequalities may reduce the return of SES resources for non-White families.

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“…As a result, Black middle class children remain at a high risk while middle-class White families show a lower risk (Assari, Boyce, Bazargan, & Caldwell, 2020). Many studies show racial variation in correlates of depression and associated suicide (Assari, 2015(Assari, , 2018c(Assari, , 2018dAssari, Lankarani, & Lankarani, 2013;Assari, Moghani Lankarani, & Caldwell, 2017;Assari et al, 2019). Discrimination is a significant predictor of depression and associated suicide in Black (Assari et al, 2017) children and adults; however, the role of discrimination as a risk factor of psychopathology is smaller in Whites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Variation in the Association between Childhood Depression and Frontal Pole Volume among American Children

Assari

2020

RHS

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Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with an altered structure and function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). There is more to find out about how this association differs among diverse racial groups. Aim: This study was performed to investigate racial differences in the association between MDD and frontal pole volume in 9/10-year-old children in the U.S. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Then an analytical sample included 10185 American children between the ages of 9 and 10. The independent variable was current MDD, measured using K-SADS. The primary outcome was frontal pole volume, measured using the structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI). Race was the moderator. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Results: In the overall sample, MDD was associated with a smaller frontal pole volume among children. Race showed a statistically significant interaction with MDD on children’s frontal pole volume, indicating stronger effects on White children compared to Black children. Conclusion: The inverse association between MDD and frontal pole volume is steeper in Black than White American children. White American children with and without MDD show more similar frontal pole volume, while Black children with and without MDD differ more when it comes to the frontal pole volume. It is unknown whether or not the stronger association between frontal pole volume and MDD in Black children is due to a poor access to treatment or to a higher chronicity of MDD in Black communities.

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Multiplicative Effects of Social and Psychological Risk Factors on College Students’ Suicidal Behaviors

Cited by 29 publications

References 70 publications

Suicide Attempts in Michigan HealthCare System; Racial Differences

Suicide Attempts in Michigan HealthCare System; Racial Differences

Parental Education and Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward Anticipation: Minorities’ Diminished Returns

Racial Variation in the Association between Childhood Depression and Frontal Pole Volume among American Children

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