“…Deep learning based on multilayer artificial neural networks (Figure a) has recently attracted significant attention from the photonics’ community . Deep learning that brings substantial acceleration capability and forth a feasible avenue for global optimization, has been introduced in metasurface design problems, including multilayer perceptrons, , convolutional neural networks, generative adversarial networks, and variational autoencoders. − The method allows combination with other optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms, , topology optimization, , or adjoint optimization , to enable high-performance, large-scale metasurface designs.…”