Multiple Utilization Ways of Corn By-Products for Biomaterial Production with Bio-Refinery Concept; a Review

The Potential Valorization of Corn Stalks by Alkaline Sequential Fractionation to Obtain Papermaking Fibers, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin—A Comprehensive Mass Balance Approach

“…Samples' absorbance measurements (A i ) were recorded after mixing 3 mL of sample solution with 3 mL of 0.2 mM DPPH and this being placed in a dark thermostatic oven for 30 min at 37 • C. The blank was treated similarly. The inhibition, I(%), was calculated as indicated by Equation (7).…”

“…The modern approach is to convert this abundant, renewable, and unavoidable resource into value-added products. Several reviews that highlight the benefits and opportunities of turning corn crop wastes into profitable goods are available in the literature [ 2 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The potential uses of corn waste as raw materials in different industrial domains are briefly illustrated in Table S1 .…”

Integrated Hemicellulose Extraction and Papermaking Fiber Production from Agro-Waste Biomass

“…The opportunities for CS valorization are expanded by the contemporary management strategies (CE, ZW). Nowadays, CS residues may be recycled to produce cellulose/epoxy resin composites [23], cellulose nanofibrils [24], cellulose composites [25], carbonaceous composite adsorbents [19], levulinic acid and biocarbon electrode material [26], second-generation bioethanol [27], biomethane [28], chemical pulp [29] and various biomaterials (plastics, hydrogels, fibers, composites) [30]. The use of agricultural waste biomass as fillers in different bio-composites [31], bio-plastics, tires [32], and other reinforced polymers [33,34] is one of the most promising directions to its conversion into value-added goods [34].…”

“…The CS fibers in particular were tested as fillers for various composite materials such as: tire rubber powder composite [35], polylactide composite [36], colorless and odorless bio-plastics [37] and other green composites [38]. Moreover, various integrated biorefinery processes were proposed to fully convert CS into value-added products [30,39,40]. A few examples include the coproduction of: saccharides, pulp, and lignosulfonate [41]; biodegradable film, bioethanol, and soda pulp [42]; fermented liquid feed and biologically modified biochar [43]; tissue paper and glucose [44]; hemicellulose and ethanol [45]; ethanol, furfural, and lignin [46]; ethanol and L-lactic acid [47]; hemicellulose, lignin, and activated carbon [48]; hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose (further processed to paper) [49]; cellulose, lignin, and xylose [50]; micro/nano-cellulose fibers, monosaccharides, and lignin fractions [51].…”