“…Nevertheless, it was also reported in the literature that Δ[HbO] values over the PFC can increase when the participants were experiencing other mental states, such as mental workload, mental stress, affective responses, attention, deception, preference, anticipation, suspicion, and frustration (Suzuki et al, 2008;Ayaz et al, 2012;Kreplin and Fairclough, 2013;Ding et al, 2014;Hirshfield et al, 20142014;Tupak et al, 2014;Arefi Shirvan et al, 2018;Numata et al, 2019). This indicates that increased Δ[HbO] values are not only an indication of fear responses but can also be driven by other psychological factors.…”