Multiple Sources of Solar High-energy Protons

Kocharov, L. G.; Omodei, N.; Mishev, Alexander; Pesce-Rollins, M.; Longo, F.; Yu, Sijie; Gary, Dale E.; Vainio, Rami; Usoskin, Ilya

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abff57

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…More recently, Gopalswamy et al (2021) argued, on the basis of corrected values for both N c-ray (based on the visibility of limb events) and N SEP (based on the effect of flare latitude on SEP propagation) in the de Nolfo et al sample, that the two parameters are highly correlated (r = 0.77). The ''flare vs. shock'' debate for the largest highenergy SEP events (e.g., Vashenyuk et al 2011;McCracken et al 2012;Grechnev et al 2015;Cliver 2016;Bazilevskaya 2017;Klein and Dalla 2017;Kocharov et al 2018;Struminsky 2018;Kouloumvakos et al 2020;Kocharov et al 2020Kocharov et al , 2021Hutchinson et al 2022) is far from over and will continue to inform understanding of SEP acceleration at the Sun.…”

Section: Timing Relationship Between Great Storms and Aurora: Global ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme solar events

Cliver

Schrijver

Shibata

et al. 2022

Living Rev Sol Phys

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We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the 1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the largest observed/inferred/theoretical cases of sunspot groups, flares on the Sun and Sun-like stars, coronal mass ejections, solar proton events, and geomagnetic storms. The reviewed studies are based on modern observations, historical or long-term data including the auroral and cosmogenic radionuclide record, and Kepler observations of Sun-like stars. We compile a table of 100- and 1000-year events based on occurrence frequency distributions for the space weather phenomena listed above. Questions considered include the Sun-like nature of superflare stars and the existence of impactful but unpredictable solar "black swans" and extreme "dragon king" solar phenomena that can involve different physics from that operating in events which are merely large.

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Section: Timing Relationship Between Great Storms and Aurora: Global ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme solar events

Cliver

Schrijver

Shibata

et al. 2022

Living Rev Sol Phys

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“…Therefore, the debate about the exact nature of GLE mechanisms is still ongoing (see e.g. Kouloumvakos et al 2020;Kocharov et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first ground-level enhancement of solar cycle 25 on 28 October 2021

Papaioannou

Kouloumvakos

Mishev

et al. 2022

A&A

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Aims. The first relativistic solar proton event of solar cycle 25 was detected on 28 October 2021 by neutron monitors (NMs) on the ground and particle detectors on board spacecraft in near-Earth space. This is the first ground-level enhancement (GLE) of the current cycle. A detailed reconstruction of the NM response together with the identification of the solar eruption that generated these particles is investigated based on in situ and remote-sensing measurements. Methods. In situ proton observations from a few MeV to ∼500 MeV were combined with the detection of a solar flare in soft X-rays, a coronal mass ejection, radio bursts, and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations to identify the solar origin of the GLE. Timing analysis was performed, and a relation to the solar sources was outlined. Results. GLE73 reached a maximum particle rigidity of ∼2.4 GV and is associated with type III, type II, and type IV radio bursts and an EUV wave. A diversity of time profiles recorded by NMs was observed. This points to the event having an anisotropic nature. The peak flux at E > 10 MeV was only ∼30 pfu and remained at this level for several days. The release time of ≥1 GV particles was found to be ∼15:40 UT. GLE73 had a moderately hard rigidity spectrum at very high energies (γ ∼ 5.5). Comparison of GLE73 to previous GLEs with similar solar drivers is performed.

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“…A study of SEP properties provides a unique basis to reveal important processes of both SEP acceleration on the Sun and their propagation in the interplanetary space (e.g. Debrunner et al, 1988;Reames, 1999;Gopalswamy et al, 2014;Kocharov et al, 2021). A specific interest is paid to relatively rare events, with SEP energy reaching about GeV/nucleon or even greater values.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Spectral and Anisotropy Characteristics of Solar Protons During the GLE N∘73 on 28 October 2021 Derived with Neutron-Monitor Data Analysis

et al. 2022

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The first ground-level enhancement of the current Solar Cycle 25 occurred on 28 October 2021. It was observed by several space-borne and ground-based instruments, specifically neutron monitors. A moderate count-rate increase over the background was observed by high-altitude polar stations on the South Pole and Dome C stations at the Antarctic plateau. Most of the neutron monitors registered only marginal count-rate increases. Using detrended records and employing a method verified by direct space-borne measurements, we derive the rigidity spectra and angular distributions of the incoming solar protons in the vicinity of Earth. For the analysis, we employed a newly computed and parameterized neutron-monitor yield function. The rigidity spectra and anisotropy of solar protons were obtained in their time evolution throughout the event. A comparison with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron (SOHO/ENRE) experiment data is also performed. We briefly discuss the results derived from our analysis.

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Multiple Sources of Solar High-energy Protons

Cited by 22 publications

References 47 publications

Extreme solar events

Extreme solar events

The first ground-level enhancement of solar cycle 25 on 28 October 2021

High-Resolution Spectral and Anisotropy Characteristics of Solar Protons During the GLE N∘73 on 28 October 2021 Derived with Neutron-Monitor Data Analysis

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