Multiple Sclerosis: Relationships Between Cytokines, MRI Lesion Burden, Visual Evoked Potentials and Disability Scores

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the disability (EDSS) scores, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI

Effects of atorvastatin on some inflammatory markers in patients with multiple sclerosis treated by interferon beta-1b

“…In this study, serum concentrations of IL-2 and TNF-αwere found significantly higher in patients with MS in both drug groups than the control subjects. This is not surprising as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ are believed to contribute to the tissue injury in MS, while anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by Th2 cells (IL-4, IL-10) have been shown to down regulate the immune response 14 ; and the results of the current study were in agreement with a previous study published in 2010 15 . Despite clinically inactive disease and immunomodulator therapy, higher TNF-α and IL-2 of the patients suggested a continuous subclinical immune activity that could not be suppressed by treatment 16 .…”

Evaluating sex hormones and cytokine profile in Egyptian females with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

“…Our results regarding IL-10 and TNF-α revealed that relapsing-remitting MS patients showed no difference in serum levels of proinflammatory (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine levels when compared with controls, and this was consistent with previous studies [ 14 – 16 ]. This can be explained by the fact that increased levels of cytokines are associated with the clinical activity in RRMS and the development of a chronic progressive disease.…”

Vitamin D deficiency in relation with the systemic and central inflammation during multiple sclerosis

“…These findings are consistent with the results of previous studies, where most measured cytokines (TNFα, IL10, IL6, IL2-R, and IL-1β) were reported to not correlate with this score during MS. It has been suggested that immunological activity (reflected by cytokine production) may be not interrupted in clinically stable patients [60] .…”

“…This result could be partly explained by the reported differences in performance of techniques used in each study (ELISA, electrochemiluminescence assay, or multiplexed immunoassay such as CBA, multiplexed fluorescent bead-based immunoassay) (63), and by the heterogeneity in patient's characteristics (size, stage of the disease, ethnicity). In general, during MS, most of the circulating levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in serum are reported to be significantly higher than in healthy controls (16,64,65), but these levels could be lower than during other inflammatory conditions of the CNS, such as Neuromyelitis Optica (66). The increase in pro-inflammatory and down-regulatory cytokines in MS could be explained by the pathologic features of the disease: In fact, during the progression of the disease, inflammatory and restorative processes may occur simultaneously in the CNS (14).…”