Multiple scattering of electromagnetic waves by rain

Abstract

As the operating frequencies of communications systems move higher into the millimeter wave region, the effects of multiple scattering in precipitation media become more significant. In this paper, general formulations are presented for single, first‐order multiple, and complete multiple scattering. Included specifically are distributions of particle size, shape, and orientation angle, as well as variation in the medium density along the direction of wave propagation. Calculations are performed for rain. It is shown that the effects of higher‐order scattering are not noticeable in either attenuation or channel isolation on a dual‐polarized system until frequencies of about 30 GHz are reached. The complete multiple‐scattering formulation presented gives accurate results at high millimeter wave frequencies as well as including realistic medium parameter distributions. Furthermore, it is numerically efficient.

An efficient approach to computation of rain attenuation with consideration of multiple scattering

“…Previous investigations stated that the multiple scattering effects cannot be neglected for intense rain at frequency above 30 GHz [1] [2]. Furthermore, it is noted that slight difference occurs between the uses of first order and complete multiple scattering models at 30 GHz for precipitation more than 100 mm/h [3]. Though all these works have dealt with multiple scattering, it is still an important task to quantitatively evaluate the interaction among realistic raindrops distribution in a numerically exact manner.…”

Potential interference and rain attenuation at 21.4–22 GHz downlink broadcasting satellite signals

“…To measure the effects of rain attenuation on the direct broadcasting satellite (DBS) downlink signals as well as the impact of the potential interference on the reception quality is one of the fundamental constraints (Tsolakis and Stutzman 1982;Crane 1996;Lin and Chen 2002;Mandeep 2007;Mandeep and Allnutt 2007;Panagopoulos and Chatzarakis 2007;Bahrami and Rashed-Mohassel 2008;Ojo, Ajewole, and Sarkar 2008;Ojo and Joseph-Ojo 2008;Panagopoulos 2008;Shamsan, Al-Hetar, and Rahman 2008;Serdyuk 2008;Zhu, Li, and Lou 2008;Mandeep 2009;Setijadi, Matsushima, Tanaka, and Hendrantoro 2009;Rafi Ul Islam, Rahman, Rahim, Al-tabatabaie, and Abdulrahman 2009). The electromagnetic waves, whose frequencies are above 10 GHz while propagating over a long distance, always suffer from propagation impairments that make the signal totally degraded and weak (Samuel 1993).…”

Effect of Temperature and Multiple Scattering on Rain Attenuation of Electromagnetic Waves by a Simple Spherical Model

“…A lot of works have been reported concerning the above effect from the viewpoints of • deterioration of cross polarization discrimination due to the tile of vertical axis by wind [4,5] • change of temperature [4] • incorporation of multiple scattering [6][7][8].…”

“…It is said that multiple scattering effects are small in the low frequency region but cannot be neglected at high frequencies. Previous investigations stated that this threshold is about 30 GHz [6], and that slight difference occurs between the models of first order and complete multiple scattering at 30 GHz for precipitation more than 100 mm/h [7]. Furthermore, Twersky's scattering formalism clarified that the multiple scattering is negligible up to at least 1 THz for coherent transmission [8].…”