Multiple releases of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) and behaviour of grazing beef cattle

Dougherty, C. T.; Knapp, F. W.; Burrus, P. B.; Willis, D.C.; Cornelius, P. L.; Bradley, N. W.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90019-l

Cited by 25 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Large ungulates often exhibit behaviours indicative of heightened levels of anxiety and stress during attacks by biting flies and oviposition or larviposition activity of oestrid flies. For example, cattle often bunch and horses shift habitats and form temporary associations under fly attack (Dougherty et al, 1993;Harvey & Launchbauch, 1982;Hughes et al, 1981;Keiper ti Berger, 1982;Mooring & Hart, 1992;Ralley et al, 1993). The behavioural and physiological changes elicited by biting flies can also affect the energy budgets of ungulates (Espmark & Langvtan, 1979;Estienne et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, mouthpart removal influences stress and anticipatory responses in mice

Colwell

Kavaliers

Lysyk

1997

Medical Vet Entomology

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Biting fly attack induces a variety of stress and anxiety related changes in the physiology and behaviour of the target animals. Significant reductions in pain, or more appropriately, nociceptive sensitivity (latency of a foot-lifting response to an aversive thermal stimulus), are evident in laboratory mice after a 1 h exposure to stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans. The role of the various components of biting fly attack in the development of this stress-induced reduction in pain sensitivity (analgesia) is, however, unclear. This study demonstrates that fly-naive mice do not exhibit a stress-induced analgesia when exposed to stable flies whose biting mouthparts have been removed. In contrast, mice that have been previously exposed to intact stable flies exhibit significant analgesia when exposed to flies that are incapable of biting. However, the level of analgesia induced is lower than that elicited by exposure to intact stable flies. Exposure to nonbiting house flies, Musca domestica, has no effect on nociceptive sensitivity. It appears that the actual bite of the stable fly is necessary for the induction of analgesia and probably other stress and anxiety associated responses in fly naive mice. However, mice rapidly learn to recognize biting flies and exhibit significant, possibly anticipatory analgesic responses to the mere presence of biting flies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, mouthpart removal influences stress and anticipatory responses in mice

Colwell

Kavaliers

Lysyk

1997

Medical Vet Entomology

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“…Front legs have been mentioned as preferred feeding sites for stable flies because they represent about 60% of the S. calcitrans flies found on the total body surface of the cow (Dougherty et al, 1993;Miller, 1995).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The time lying has also been studied as an indicator of cow comfort (Haley, Rushen, & De Passille, 2000). However, almost all studies of cattle fly-defense strategies have used beef cattle in pastures or feedlots (Dougherty et al, 1993;Wieman, Campbell, Deshazer, & Berry, 1992;Wilson, Dobos, & Fell, 2005). Those conducted on dairy cows have been made only under controlled environmental conditions where climatic variables, number and species of flies, or both factors are artificially managed (Miller, Pickens, Morgan, Thimijan, & Wilson, 1973).…”

Section: Faculty Of Agriculture and Livestock Sciences Autonomous Unimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Note on the Effect of Controlling Stable Flies (Stomoxys Calcitrans) in the Resting Activity and Pen Distribution of Dairy Cows

Vitela

Cruz-Vázquez²,

Orihuela

2006

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

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This study investigated the effect of controlling stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) on the number of dairy cows lying down and their pen distribution. The study randomly assigned 80 Holstein cows to 1 of 2 groups. The treated group (T) included cows individually sprayed with insecticide when found with an average of 10 stable flies per cow; in the control group (C), cows received no application of insecticide. The pen had 4 equal-size areas: (a) feeding, (b) drinking and sunny, (c) covered, and (d) manure. The study recorded the number of cows lying and the area of the pen where the nonhuman animal was located. The study found no difference (p > .05) between the proportion of T and C cows lying. However, cows preferred to lie down in pen area 3 when fewer than 10 stable flies per cow were found. Area 4 was the most avoided section of the pen, except when a high incidence of flies was present. The study concluded that high populations of S. calcitrans (> 10 flies per cow) did not affect the number of dairy cows lying down. However, it modified site preferences for lying.

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“…Stable flies reduced weight gains of grazing yearling steers by 19% even at low infestation levels, <15 stable flies per animal (Campbell et al, 2001). Among grazing cattle in Kentucky, grazing time, number of bites, and DM mass per bite all decline linearly with stable fly infestation levels (Dougherty et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Use of modified cages attached to growing calves to measure the effect of stable flies on dry matter intake and digestibility, and defensive movements

Schole

Taylor

Brink

et al. 2011

The Professional Animal Scientist

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The effects of stable flies on growing calves were examined using fly cages attached to the animals. Dry matter intake, DM digestibility (DMD), and behavioral responses of calves were monitored. Nine Holstein calves were exposed to 3 levels of stable flies (0, 10, 100 flies/animal) 3 times daily for 30 min. The study consisted of a 4-period crossover design; each period included 5-d adaptation, 7-d exposure, and 5-d postexposure. Calves were weighed at the beginning and end of each period. Feed consumption was continuously recorded. Fecal samples taken during and after exposure were used to determine DMD. Three calves were monitored for activity and defensive behavior during exposure. Caged stable flies successfully fed on the calves and invoked defensive behaviors similar to those observed in field studies. Defensive behaviors were proportionate to exposure level, and calves became more proficient at interfering with fly feeding over time. Stable fly exposure increased DMI relative to calf weight and decreased ADG/DMI. Calves initially exposed to 100 flies exhibited more defensive behaviors and lower relative DMI and ADG across all exposure levels relative to calves initially exposed to 10 flies. Stable fly exposure did not affect DMD, number of meals, time eating, or amount eaten per meal. Host defensive behavior, not reduced DMI or DMD, appears to be reducing ADG of calves exposed to stable flies. Results indicate that cages placed on calves may be used to study the effects of stable flies, but host exposure history and behavioral variables must be considered.

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Multiple releases of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) and behaviour of grazing beef cattle

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, mouthpart removal influences stress and anticipatory responses in mice

Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, mouthpart removal influences stress and anticipatory responses in mice

A Note on the Effect of Controlling Stable Flies (Stomoxys Calcitrans) in the Resting Activity and Pen Distribution of Dairy Cows

Use of modified cages attached to growing calves to measure the effect of stable flies on dry matter intake and digestibility, and defensive movements

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