Multiple reference Fourier transform holography with soft x rays

Schlotter, W. F.; Rick, R.; Chen, K.; Scherz, Andreas; Stöhr, J.; Lüning, J.; Eisebitt, Stefan; Günther, C. M.; Eberhardt, W.; Hellwig, Olav; McNulty, Ian

doi:10.1063/1.2364259

Cited by 132 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The resolution of the hologram is determined by the diameter of the pinhole, which has the unfortunate consequence of coupling flux and resolution. To improve resolution while maintaining flux, multiple pinholes can be used 10 . However, adjacent pinholes must be sufficiently separated to produce non-overlapping holograms and consequently the field-of-view is used inefficiently.…”

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confidence: 99%

X-ray holography with a customizable reference

et al. 2014

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In X-ray Fourier-transform holography, images are formed by exploiting the interference pattern between the X-rays scattered from the sample and a known reference wave. To date, this technique has only been possible with a limited set of special reference waves. We demonstrate X-ray Fourier-transform holography with an almost unrestricted choice for the reference wave, permitting experimental geometries to be designed according to the needs of each experiment and opening up new avenues to optimize signal-to-noise and resolution. The optimization of holographic references can aid the development of holographic techniques to meet the demands of resolution and fidelity required for single-shot imaging applications with X-ray lasers.

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confidence: 99%

X-ray holography with a customizable reference

et al. 2014

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“…The method as described here has significant scope for improvement and a resolution of ∼15 nm [10] seems to be achievable in the near future. Spatial multiplexing could be applied with additional extended references to improve the signal-to-noise ratio [20]. Furthermore, HERALDO is a non-iterative approach, which offers a fast and simple reconstruction method that could be used as the starting for further iterative phase retrieval algorithms [21].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic imaging by x-ray holography using extended references

Duckworth¹,

Ogrin²,

Dhesi³

et al. 2011

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We demonstrate magnetic lensless imaging by Fourier transform holography using extended references. A narrow slit milled through an opaque gold mask is used as a holographic reference and magnetic contrast is obtained by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. We present images of magnetic domains in a Co/Pt multilayer thin film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. This technique holds advantages over standard Fourier transform holography, where small holes are used to define the reference beam. An increased intensity through the extended reference reduces the counting time to record the farfield diffraction pattern. Additionally it was found that manufacturing narrow slits is less technologically demanding than the same procedure for holes. We achieve a spatial resolution of ∼30 nm, which was found to be limited by the sample period of the chosen experimental setup.

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“…The 1.1 lm thick [Au/ Cr] mask guarantees that the x-ray beam is transmitted only through the object and reference holes. Five smaller apertures around the object hole, each guiding a reference beam, 12 were milled through the whole structure, as shows the inset of Fig. 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the limits of soft x-ray magnetic holography: Imaging magnetization reversal of buried interfaces (invited)

Camarero¹,

Jiménez²,

Vogel³

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Physics

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Only a very few experimental techniques can address the microscopic magnetization reversal behavior of the different magnetic layers in a multilayered system with element selectivity. We present an element-selective study of ferromagnetic (FM) [Co/Pt] n multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy exchange-coupled to antiferromagnetic (AFM) FeMn and IrMn films performed with a new experimental set-up developed for both soft x-ray spectroscopy and holography imaging purposes. The spectroscopy analysis allows the quantification of the unpinned (pinned) uncompensated AFM moments, providing direct evidence of its parallel (antiparallel) alignment with respect to the FM moments. The holography experiments give a direct view of both FM and uncompensated AFM magnetic structures, showing that they replicate to each other during magnetization reversal. Remarkably, we show magnetic images for effective thicknesses as small as one monolayer. Our results provide new microscopic insights into the exchange coupling phenomena and explore the sensitivity limits of these techniques. Future trends are also discussed.

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Multiple reference Fourier transform holography with soft x rays

Cited by 132 publications

References 14 publications

X-ray holography with a customizable reference

X-ray holography with a customizable reference

Magnetic imaging by x-ray holography using extended references

Exploring the limits of soft x-ray magnetic holography: Imaging magnetization reversal of buried interfaces (invited)

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