Multiple Origin of Amphidiploids in the Complex Species of <i>Scilla scilloides</i>, Asparagaceae

Abstract

In the complex species of Scilla scilloides involving A and B genomes, an amphi diploid having AABB genome composition is a major one of the cytotypes and distributes throughout a growing area of the species. An origin of amphi diploids and whether amphi diploids generated in monophyly or polyphyly are unsolved. In three hybrids with defied combination of genomes a maternal inheritance of chloroplast genome was confirmed in this species. An analysis of matK sequence of chloroplast genome demonstrated that a maternal parent of all amphi diploids in Japan, Korea and Taiwan investigated was a Japanese B genome diploid (BB diploid). In the analysis of ITS1and 5S rDNA of nuclear genome and genome sizes indicated that the paternal parent of amphi diploids was different between the amphi diploid from Japan and Korea, and the amphi diploid from Taiwan. The Japanese and Korean amphi diploids would be originated by a hybridization and subsequent polyploidization between the maternal parent of Japanese BB diploid and the paternal parent of Korean A genome diploid (AA diploid). Taiwanese amphi diploids were generated between the maternal parent of Japanese BB diploid and a paternal parent of AA diploid undiscovered. An event of generation of the amphi diploids in S. scilloides occurred at least twice in the different locations with the different parents.

Does the evolution of micromorphology accompany chromosomal changes on dysploid and polyploid levels in the Barnardia japonica complex (Hyacinthaceae)?

“…The results of the extensive chromosomal survey were largely in agreement with previous reports from Chinese, Japanese, and Korean populations [22,23,62]. Genome sizes reported here, however, deviated from those reported by Shibata et al [20]. The discrepancies (i.e., quite consistent and approximately 2 pg/1C deviation) are likely to represent methodological problems, as the previous genome size values have been obtained via ow cytometry with less accurate DAPI staining of the DNA and using Allium stulosum as an internal standard [63].…”

“…Dysploidy as well as auto-and allopolyploidy within species complexes have been reported in many species in family Hyacinthaceae (also treated as Asparagaceae; [13,[18][19][20][21]). The genus Barnardia Lindl.…”

Does the evolution of micromorphology accompany chromosomal changes on dysploid and polyploid levels in the Barnardia japonica complex (Hyacinthaceae)?

“…Barnardia numidica is widespread in the Balearic Islands and North-West Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya) and is known only as diploid with 2 n = 18 ( x = 9; [ 27 ]). In contrast, the B. japonica complex is found in Eastern Asia and exhibits a spectacular array of chromosomal variation with two different base chromosome numbers ( x = 8 and 9), an extensive range of polyploids (3 x , 4 x , 5 x and 6 x ), various types of chromosomal polymorphisms including the presence of B-chromosomes [ 28 , 29 ], as well as genome size variation [ 22 ]. Molecular phylogenetic studies of plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data have revealed that the B. japonica complex is the most basal clade in the family of Hyacinthaceae [ 30 , 31 ].…”

“…Similarly, no morphological diagnostic characters have so far been found to allow for identification of the two diploid cytotypes and their hybrid/polyploid descendants in the B. japonica complex [ 25 ]. Thus, the current species concept in the B. japonica complex is mostly based on classical karyotaxonomic studies with two diploid cytotypes differing in base chromosome number and a myriad of resulting polyploid cytotypes [ 22 , 24 – 26 , 28 , 35 , 59 ], while the underlying patterns of genetic and micromorphological differentiation are still unknown.…”

Seasonal and Diurnal Regulation of Flowering <i>via</i> an Epigenetic Mechanism in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

“…Flowering, which is one of the most sophisticated survival mechanisms that evolved in plants, involves meiosis, which can increase the genetic diversity of progeny through recombination due to the pairing of homologous chromosomes (Gupta et al 2017a, b, 2018a, b, Jeelani et al 2017, Kumar et al 2017, Liébana et al 2017, Rani et al 2017, Saggoo and Kaur 2017, Singhal and Kumari 2017, b, Dhaliwal et al 2018a, b, Farooq and Saggoo 2018, b, Kumari and Singhal 2018. Genetic diversity has resulted in the development of various phenotypes depending on environmental factors, and is one of the driving forces responsible for increases in the geographical distribution of certain plant species (Bordbar et al 2017, Shaker et al 2017, Shibata et al 2017, Muakrong et al 2018, Özer et al 2018, Senavongse et al 2018, Tapia-Pastrana et al 2018.…”