Multiple Norovirus Infections in a Birth Cohort in a Peruvian Periurban Community

Saito, Mayuko; Goel-Apaza, Sonia; Espetia, Susan; Velásquez, Daniel E.; Cabrera, Lilia; Loli, Sebastian; Crabtree, Jean E.; Black, Robert E.; Kosek, Margaret; Checkley, William; Zimic, Mirko; Bern, Caryn; Cama, Vitaliano; Gilman, Robert H.; Xiao, Lili; Kelleher, Dermot; Windle, Henry J.; Doorn, Leen Jan Van; Varela, Marco; Verástegui, Manuela; Calderón, Maritza; Alva, A.; Román, Karisse

doi:10.1093/cid/cit763

Cited by 163 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…GII.4/2006b was the most prevalent GII.4 variant found in 25.4% of all AGE cases, followed by GII.4/ 2008 and GII.4/2010. Three rotavirus G genotypes (G2, G3, and G9) and two P genotypes (P [8] and P [4]) were detected ( Table 4). In patients with AGE, the most prevalent types were G3P [8] (44.0%) and G2P [4] (16.0%).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three rotavirus G genotypes (G2, G3, and G9) and two P genotypes (P [8] and P [4]) were detected ( Table 4). In patients with AGE, the most prevalent types were G3P [8] (44.0%) and G2P [4] (16.0%). Genotype data were available for only one of three non-diarrheal stool samples positive for rotavirus that showed G9P [4].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In patients with AGE, the most prevalent types were G3P [8] (44.0%) and G2P [4] (16.0%). Genotype data were available for only one of three non-diarrheal stool samples positive for rotavirus that showed G9P [4].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Norovirus and rotavirus are the major causes of diarrheal illness in South American children. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Recent data suggest that the relative burden of norovirus versus rotavirus in children with AGE may be changing after widespread adoption of rotavirus vaccine. Relatively little is known of viral etiology of pediatric AGE in low income, high mortality settings after vaccine introduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Norovirus GII was identified in 97.8% of norovirus-positive samples; GII.4 was the most common genotype (71.4% of typed specimens). Rotavirus G3P [8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype (44.0% of typed specimens) and G2P [4] was second most prevalent (16.0% of typed specimens). This community is likely part of a trend toward norovirus predominance over rotavirus in children after widespread vaccination against rotavirus.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia

McAtee¹,

Webman²,

Gilman³

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in the field may set the stage for a changing landscape of diarrheal illness affecting children worldwide. Norovirus and rotavirus are the two major viral enteropathogens of childhood. This study describes the prevalence of norovirus and rotavirus 2 years after widespread rotavirus vaccination in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Stool samples from hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and outpatients aged 5-24 months without AGE were recruited from an urban hospital serving Bolivia's third largest city. Both viruses were genotyped, and norovirus GII.4 was further sequenced. Norovirus was found much more frequently than rotavirus. Norovirus was detected in 69/201 (34.3%) of specimens from children with AGE and 13/71 (18.3%) of those without diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 38/201 (18.9%) of diarrheal specimens and 3/71 (4.2%) of non-diarrheal specimens. Norovirus GII was identified in 97.8% of norovirus-positive samples; GII.4 was the most common genotype (71.4% of typed specimens). Rotavirus G3P [8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype (44.0% of typed specimens) and G2P [4] was second most prevalent (16.0% of typed specimens). This community is likely part of a trend toward norovirus predominance over rotavirus in children after widespread vaccination against rotavirus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia

McAtee¹,

Webman²,

Gilman³

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Norovirus immunology: Of mice and mechanisms

Newman

León

2015

Eur J Immunol

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Summary Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in the United States and Europe and are responsible for 20% of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Over the past decade, the understanding of NoV immunology has grown immensely. Studies of the natural immune response to NoV in humans and animal models have laid the foundation for innovations in cell culture systems for NoV and development of new therapeutics. Evidence from animal models, NoV surrogates, observational human research, and human challenge studies suggest that the innate immune response is critical for limiting NoV infection but is insufficient for viral clearance. NoV may antagonize the innate immune response to establish or prolong infection. However, once a robust adaptive immune response is initiated, the immune system clears the infection through the action of T cells and B cells, simultaneously generating highly specific protective immunologic memory. We review here both the current knowledge on norovirus immunity and exciting new developments, with a focus on ongoing vaccine development work, novel cell culture systems, and advances in understanding the role of the gut microbiome. These changes reinforce the need for a better understanding of the human immune response to NoV and suggest novel hypotheses.

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Molecular analysis of norovirus in specimens from children enrolled in a 1982-1986 study in Belém, Brazil: A community-based longitudinal study

et al. 2017

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Fecal specimens were collected during a longitudinal, community-based study in the city of Belém, North Brazil, that was conducted over 3 years (October 1982 to March 1986), in which 20 children were included from birth to 3 years of age. A total of 229 fecal samples were screened by real time RT-PCR targeting the junction region (ORF 1/2) of the norovirus (NoV) genome. NoV-positive samples were subjected to PCR and sequencing of the viral polymerase (ORF1) and viral protein 1 (VP1) genes (ORF2). The junction region was also sequenced to assess for recombination when ORF1 and ORF2 genotyping results were dissimilar. Samples classified as GII.P4/GII.4 were further characterized by sequencing the P2 subdomain of the viral capsid to determine possible alterations. An overall positivity of 16.1% (37/229) was observed, including GI (16.2%-6/37) and GII (83.8%-31/37) genogroups. Cases of NoV reinfection in at least 2-month intervals were observed, and 12 children developed at least one case of asymptomatic NoV infection. In total, 48.6% (18/37) NoV-positive samples were subjected to nucleotide sequencing analysis targeting the following polymerase genes: GI.P3 (n = 1), GII.Pa (n = 1), GII.Pc (n = 1), GII.P4 (n = 5), GII.P6 (n = 5), GII.P7 (n = 3), GII.P12 (n = 1), and GII.P22 (n = 1). For the VP1 gene, characterization was performed in 14 (77.8%) samples: GI.3 (n = 1), GII.2 (n = 1), GII.4 (n = 4), GII.6 (n = 4), GII.7 (n = 1), GII.12 (n = 1), GII.14 (n = 1), and GII.23 (n = 1). Recombination events were confirmed in three cases (GII.P12/GII.2, GII.P7/GII.14, and GII.Pa/GII.12), and four samples genotyped as GII.P4/GII.4 were analyzed to identify variants. None had contemporary counterparts. Three children developed consecutive NoV infections by different genotypes. The present report documents the importance of NoV as a cause of childhood infection during a longitudinal study conducted more than 30 years ago.

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Multiple Norovirus Infections in a Birth Cohort in a Peruvian Periurban Community

Abstract: Serial norovirus infections with multiple genotypes were found among a Peruvian birth cohort early in infancy. Protection against the subsequent infection was genotype specific, suggesting that norovirus vaccines may need to target multiple genotypes.

Cited by 163 publications

References 33 publications

Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia

Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia

Norovirus immunology: Of mice and mechanisms

Molecular analysis of norovirus in specimens from children enrolled in a 1982-1986 study in Belém, Brazil: A community-based longitudinal study

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