Multiple Levels of Immunological Memory and Their Association with Vaccination

Abstract

Immunological memory is divided into many levels to counteract the provocations of diverse and ever-changing infections. Fast functions of effector memory and the superposition of both quantitatively and qualitatively plastic anticipatory memory responses together form the walls of protection against pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the role of different B and T cell subsets and their interplay, the parallel and independent functions of the B1, marginal zone B cells, T-independent- and T-dependent B cell responses, as well as functions of central and effector memory T cells, tissue-resident and follicular helper T cells in the memory responses. Age-related limitations in the immunological memory of these cell types in neonates and the elderly are also discussed. We review how certain aspects of immunological memory and the interactions of components can affect the efficacy of vaccines, in order to link our knowledge of immunological memory with the practical application of vaccination.

Heterologous Booster Dose with CORBEVAX following Primary Vaccination with COVISHIELD Enhances Protection against SARS-CoV-2

“…Naïve CD8 T lymphocytes increased at day 30 and declined at day 90, with no significant change in effector or effector memory CD8 T lymphocytes. Antigen/vaccine-induced naïve T lymphocytes develop into memory or effector cells, and the proportion of naïve T lymphocytes determines the strength of the recall response and immune protection upon exposure to the antigen [27]. Our data supports that a heterologous booster with Corbevax enhances naïve CD4/CD8 T lymphocytes and CD8 T lymphocyte effector memory responses, inducing stronger effector immune memory for a longer duration, protecting against infection.…”

A census of the lung: CellCards from LungMAP

“…Key references: Paul et al, 2019;Snyder and Farber, 2019;Imanishi and Saito, 2020;Khan, 2020;Zemmour et al, 2020;Bugya et al, 2021;Wen et al, 2021;Williams et al, 2021.…”

Robust humoral and cellular recall responses to AZD1222 attenuate breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated

“…We hypothesize these differences may be due to effective anti-spike memory responses resulting in lower viral loads in vaccinees later in the illness period, thus attenuating their exposure to nucleocapsid antigen compared with placebo recipients. Additionally, spike-specific memory B cells would be more numerous than naïve lymphocytes in vaccinees and would be activated by lower antigenic thresholds with affinity matured memory B cells potentially outcompeting naïve B cells for T follicular helper cell stimulation (31,32).…”