Multiple ionisation and Coulomb explosion in terawatt photoexcitation of Xenon clusters: An experimental and theoretical study

Wavelength dependent photoionisation of ethanol clusters: generation of hydrogen like C5+ ions at terawatt laser intensity

“…In our previous work, electron energy distribution was measured for several atomic or molecular clusters as a function of laser wavelength under similar laser intensity conditions which supports energisation of electrons within the cluster due to the presence of the laser field. 9,12 3.4 Role of cluster stability, ionisation energy and negative ions in the generation of multiply charged ions…”

“…Cluster ionisation is initiated via a multiphoton process under such low intensity conditions followed by electron ionisation. 7,8 Though, high and low intensity laser ionisation of clusters has been reasonably understood, conception of cluster ionisation in the intermediate intensity regime (B10 12 -10 13 W cm À2 ) is still less explored. Studies in different atomic and molecular clusters in the intermediate intensity regime suggest the role of multiphoton ionisation as well as electron impact ionisation in higher charge state formation.…”

“…in Xe, CCl 4 , CS 2 , C 2 H 5 OC 2 H 5 , etc., van der Waals forces are the predominant interactions holding the cluster constituents together. [12][13][14] In the present case, we have chosen ethanol clusters where extensive intermoelcular hydrogen bonding takes place among the molecules due to the presence of OH groups. Based on the photoionisation study of ethanol clusters and upon comparing with previous results, we can elucidate the role of hydrogen bonding in the ionsation mechanism of clusters at 10 12 W cm À2 .…”