Multiple independent recombinations led to hermaphroditism in grapevine

Abstract

Hermaphroditic (perfect) flowers were a key trait in grapevine domestication, enabling a drastic increase in yields due to the efficiency of self-pollination in the domesticated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera). In contrast, all extant wild Vitis species are dioecious, each plant having only male or female flowers. In this study, we identified the male (M) and female (f) haplotypes of the sex-determining region (SDR) in the wild grapevine species V. cinerea and confirmed the boundaries of the SDR. We also demonstrated that the SDR and its boundaries are precisely conserved across the Vitis genus using shotgun resequencing data of 556 wild and domesticated accessions from North America, East Asia, and Europe. A high linkage disequilibrium was found at the SDR in all wild grape species, while different recombination signatures were observed along the hermaphrodite (H) haplotype of 363 cultivated accessions, revealing two distinct H haplotypes, named H1 and H2. To further examine the H2 haplotype, we sequenced the genome of two grapevine cultivars, 'Riesling' and 'Chardonnay'. By reconstructing the first two H2 haplotypes, we estimated the divergence time between H1 and H2 haplotypes at ∼6 million years ago, which predates the domestication of grapevine (∼8,000 y ago). Our findings emphasize the important role of recombination suppression in maintaining dioecy in wild grape species and lend additional support to the hypothesis that at least two independent recombination events led to the reversion to hermaphroditism in grapevine.

Recruitment of an ancient branching program to suppress carpel development in maize flowers

“… 61 ), and a TPP gene occurs within the female-determining region of Vitis vinifera (grapevine; ref. 62 ). As in the grasses, floral unisexuality arose independently in the lineages leading to persimmon and grapevine, which are separated from each other by ∼120 million years and from the grasses by ∼160 million years of evolution ( 63 ).…”

Berry Anthocyanin, Acid, and Volatile Trait Analyses in a Grapevine-Interspecific F2 Population Using an Integrated GBS and rhAmpSeq Genetic Map

“…Several studies, in different grapevine genetic backgrounds, place the flower type locus on chromosome 2 [ 21 , 22 , 46 ]. Recently, a 150 kb flower type determination region was described on chromosome 2 that contains a proposed pistillate sterility locus (VviYABBY) and staminate sterility locus (VviINP) [ 24 , 47 ]. A QTL for pistillate flower type in this VRS-F 2 population at 4.65 Mb is close to a rhAmpSeq marker (rh_2_4825658) identified by GWAS analysis of interspecific crosses [ 6 ].…”

“…A QTL for pistillate flower type in this VRS-F 2 population at 4.65 Mb is close to a rhAmpSeq marker (rh_2_4825658) identified by GWAS analysis of interspecific crosses [ 6 ]. It is also upstream of the C region of the proposed flower type determining region containing the putative staminate sterility gene VviINP [ 24 , 47 ]. A survey of the markers on either side of QTL peak marker GBS_2_4650201 indicated the three upstream markers (rh_2_4497054, GBS_2_4567885, rh_2_4599939) predicted pistillate flower type more accurately than those downstream.…”

Five SNPs Within the FGF5 Gene Significantly Affect Both Wool Traits and Growth Performance in Fine-Wool Sheep (Ovis aries)

“…The general linear model (GLM) of ANOVA was used to analyze the relationships between the genotypes and economic traits. According to the correlation coefficients (D′/r 2 ), the pattern of pairwise Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNP loci was estimated and visualized as previously described ( Zou et al, 2021 ). The case of D ′ = 1 or r 2 = 1 is known as complete LD.…”