Multiple images of a highly magnified supernova formed by an early-type cluster galaxy lens

Kelly, Patrick L.; Rodney, Steven A.; Treu, Tommaso; Foley, R. J.; Brammer, Gabriel; Schmidt, Kasper B.; Zitrin, Adi; Sonnenfeld, Alessandro; Strolger, L. G.; Graur, Or; Filippenko, A. V.; Jha, Saurabh W.; Riess, Adam G.; Bradač, Maruša; Weiner, Benjamin J.; Scolnic, D.; Malkan, Matthew A.; Linden, Anja von der; Trenti, Michele; Hjorth, J.; Gavazzi, R.; Fontana, A.; Merten, Julian; McCully, C.; Jones, Tucker; Postman, Marc; Dressler, Alan; Patel, Brandon; Cenko, S. B.; Graham, M. L.; Tucker, B. E.

doi:10.1126/science.aaa3350

Cited by 272 publications

(260 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We can not, however, rule out sort-lived events, like supernova for which the formation of their progenitor stars may have been triggered by the jet. As in the case of the recent supernova Refsdal (Diego et al 2016;Kelly et al 2015), this scenario can be tested in the future although we will have to wait for ≈ 90 years. Other less exotic explanations, like microlensing, could be worth exploring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A free-form mass model of the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster AS1063 (RXC J2248.7−4431) with over one hundred constraints

Diego

Broadhurst

Wong

et al. 2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

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We derive a free-form mass distribution for the massive cluster AS1063 (z=0.348) using the completed optical imaging from the Hubble Frontier Fields programme. Based on a subset of 11 multiply lensed systems with spectroscopic redshift we produce a lens model that is accurate enough to unveil new multiply lensed systems, totalling over a 100 arclets, and to estimate their redshifts geometrically. Consistency is found between this precise model and that obtained using only the subset of lensed sources with spectroscopically measured redshifts.Although a relatively large elongation of the mass distribution is apparent relative to the X-ray map, no significant offset is found between the centroid of our mass distribution and that of the X-ray emission map, suggesting a relatively relaxed state for this cluster. For the well resolved lensed images we provide detailed model comparisons to illustrate the precision of our model and hence the reliability of our de-lensed sources. A clear linear structure is associated with one such source extending 23 kpc in length, that could be an example of jet-induced star formation, at redshift z ≈ 3.1.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A free-form mass model of the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster AS1063 (RXC J2248.7−4431) with over one hundred constraints

Diego

Broadhurst

Wong

et al. 2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

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“…Later in 2014, the Universe provided another opportunity for directly testing lens models with the appearance of the first multiply imaged SN behind the HFF cluster MACS J1149: SN Refsdal (Kelly et al 2015). This SN was strongly lensed both by the cluster and also by a single cluster member galaxy, resulting in four distinct images in an "Einstein Cross" configuration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lens models under the microscope: comparison ofHubble Frontier Fieldcluster magnification maps

Priewe

Williams

Liesenborgs

et al. 2016

Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.

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Using the power of gravitational lensing magnification by massive galaxy clusters, the Hubble Frontier Fields provide deep views of six patches of the high redshift Universe. The combination of deep Hubble imaging and exceptional lensing strength has revealed the greatest numbers of multiply-imaged galaxies available to constrain models of cluster mass distributions. However, even with O(100) images per cluster, the uncertainties associated with the reconstructions are not negligible. The goal of this paper is to show the diversity of model magnification predictions. We examine 7 and 9 mass models of Abell 2744 and MACS J0416, respectively, submitted to the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes for public distribution in September 2015. The dispersion between model predictions increases from 30% at common low magnifications (µ ∼ 2) to 70% at rare high magnifications (µ ∼ 40). MACS J0416 exhibits smaller dispersions than Abell 2744 for 2 < µ < 10. We show that magnification maps based on different lens inversion techniques typically differ from each other by more than their quoted statistical errors. This suggests that some models underestimate the true uncertainties, which are primarily due to various lensing degeneracies. Though the exact mass sheet degeneracy is broken, its generalized counterpart is not broken at least in Abell 2744. Other, local degeneracies are also present in both clusters. Our comparison of models is complementary to the comparison of reconstructions of known synthetic mass distributions. By focusing on observed clusters, we can identify those that are best constrained, and therefore provide the clearest view of the distant Universe.

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“…All the models considered here predict the image to peak between the end of 2015 and the first half of 2016. We note that S1 was first discovered six months before its peak with F160W AB magnitude ∼25.5 (Kelly et al 2015), and it peaked at F160W ≈ 24.5 AB (P. L. Kelly et al 2015, in preparation; Rodney et al 2015, in preparation). Image SX/1.2 is predicted to be approximately 1/3 as bright as image S1 (Figure 12), so it should be ∼26.7mag six months before peak and ∼25.7mag at peak.…”

Section: Forecasts For Sn Refsdal: Peak Appearancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of the models that have been published after the discovery of SN Refsdal (Diego et al 2015;Jauzac et al 2015;Kelly et al 2015;Oguri 2015;Sharon & Johnson 2015) predict that an additional image will form some time in the near future (close to image 1.2 of the host galaxy, shown in Figure 1). It could appear as early as 2015 October or in a few years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, 50 years after the initial proposal by Refsdal, the first multiply imaged SN was discovered in 2014 November (Kelly et al 2015) in Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of the cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223 (Ebeling et al 2007;Smith et al 2009;), taken as part of the Grism Lens Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS; GO-13459, PI Treu;Schmidt et al 2014;, and aptly nicknamed "SN Refsdal." SN Refsdal was identified in difference imaging as four point sources that were not present in earlier images taken as part of the CLASH survey .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Refsdal” Meets Popper: Comparing Predictions of the Re-Appearance of the Multiply Imaged Supernova Behind MACSJ1149.5+2223

Treu

Brammer

Diego

et al. 2016

ApJ

113

161

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Supernova "Refsdal," multiply imaged by cluster MACS1149.5+2223, represents a rare opportunity to make a true blind test of model predictions in extragalactic astronomy, on a timescale that is short compared to a human lifetime. In order to take advantage of this event, we produced seven gravitational lens models with five independent methods, based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Hubble Frontier Field images, along with extensive spectroscopic follow-up observations by HST, the Very Large and the Keck Telescopes. We compare the model predictions and show that they agree reasonably well with the measured time delays and magnification ratios between the known images, even though these quantities were not used as input. This agreement is encouraging, considering that the models only provide statistical uncertainties, and do not include additional sources of uncertainties such as structure along the line of sight, cosmology, and the mass sheet degeneracy. We then present the model predictions for the other appearances of supernova "Refsdal." A future image will reach its peak in the first half of 2016, while another image appeared between 1994 and 2004. The past image would have been too faint to be detected in existing archival images. The future image should be approximately one-third as bright as the brightest known image (i.e., H 25.7 AB » mag at peak and H 26.7 AB » mag six months before peak), and thus detectable in single-orbit HST images. We will find out soon whether our predictions are correct.

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Multiple images of a highly magnified supernova formed by an early-type cluster galaxy lens

Cited by 272 publications

References 31 publications

A free-form mass model of the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster AS1063 (RXC J2248.7−4431) with over one hundred constraints

A free-form mass model of the Hubble Frontier Fields cluster AS1063 (RXC J2248.7−4431) with over one hundred constraints

Lens models under the microscope: comparison ofHubble Frontier Fieldcluster magnification maps

“Refsdal” Meets Popper: Comparing Predictions of the Re-Appearance of the Multiply Imaged Supernova Behind MACSJ1149.5+2223

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