Multiple-hole Nozzle Atomization for SI Engines

Imaging diagnostics of ethanol port fuel injection sprays for automobile engine applications

“…Many have studied important spray parameters such as the droplet diameter, spray tip penetration, and spray angle at port fuel injection (PFI) conditions [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. For example, it is well known that increased injection pressure leads to increased turbulence levels and hence smaller droplet size [15,16].…”

“…For example, it is well known that increased injection pressure leads to increased turbulence levels and hence smaller droplet size [15,16]. Another way to enhance the turbulence level has been to improve injector design by employing a multi-hole nozzle with a smaller hole-diameter or multi-disk orifice [16][17][18][19]. Fuel characteristics are also important for sprays.…”