Multiple Genetic Elements Carry the Tetracycline Resistance Gene
            <i>tet</i>
            (W) in the Animal Pathogen
            <i>Arcanobacterium pyogenes</i>

Billington, Stephen J.; Jost, B. Helen

doi:10.1128/aac.00562-06

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Structurally, these genes were 96 to 99% identical to the previously described tet(W) genes (3,6,14,18,29,32). The 657-bp upstream region in clone 10 was 99% identical to the corresponding regions in Arcanobacterium pyogenes strains OX9 and OX4 (DQ519394 and DQ517519) (6) (Fig. 1), while the similarity with the corresponding regions in six different genera of gut commensals was lower at 93 to 96% (14).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

“…In the present study we found two incidences of tet(W): clone 3 tet(W), which had higher identity with the genes described in reference 14), and clone 10 tet(W), which was more closely related to the genes described earlier (6). The flanking sequences of the tet(W) genes described here were different.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

“…1), while the similarity with the corresponding regions in six different genera of gut commensals was lower at 93 to 96% (14). The 95-bp downstream region in clone 10 was 100% similar to A. pyogenes strains, OX4, OX9, and 5278-99 (DQ519395 [6]; Fig. 1) and 97% similar to tet (32) in Streptococcus salivarius strain FStet12 (DQ647324 [23]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Tetracycline Resistome of the Organic Pig Gut

Kazimierczak

Scott

Kelly

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The occurrence of genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines in the organic pig gut was assessed through the metagenomic approach. Of 9,000 bacterial artificial chromosome clones analyzed, 10 were identified as carrying the known tet(C), tet(W), and tet(40) genes, as well as novel genes encoding resistance to the tetracyclines minocycline and doxycycline. The latter are different from the known tet genes and are homologous to genes encoding UDP-glucose 4-epimerases, with the domain structure characteristic for these enzymes. The majority of the resistance genes were associated with putative mobile genetic elements. The sequence of a novel 9.7-kb plasmid carrying tet(W) and tet(40) was also identified. Conserved flanking regions identified around the tet(W) and tet(40) genes in our metagenomic library may play a role in genetic exchange of these genes. This is the first report describing the occurrence of tet(40) outside the human intestine. The maintenance of antibiotic resistance genes in apparently antibiotic-free animals is probably due to their presence on mobile genetic elements, the fitness cost of which for the cell is ameliorated during the previous antibiotic selection.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

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Tetracycline Resistome of the Organic Pig Gut

Kazimierczak

Scott

Kelly

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…To our knowledge, there are only six validated species within the genus Arcanobacterium (Ohba et al, 2007). Members of this genus have been isolated from both animal and human sources (Collins et al, 1982) and include the known pathogens Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and the putative opportunistic pathogen Arcanobacterium bernardiae (Billington & Jost, 2006;Funke et al, 1995). Other species within the genus, such as Arcanobacterium phocae, are of unknown pathological significance (Hoyles et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The microbiome of the cloacal openings of the urogenital and anal tracts of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii

et al. 2008

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The bacterial diversity of the openings of the urogenital and anal tracts of the adult female tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, was determined in order to ascertain whether the physical proximity of the openings of these tracts within the cloaca affected the two populations of bacteria. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses of 42 wallabies identified 81 different terminal fragments, indicative of diverse and complex microbiomes at these anatomical locations. Subsequent amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) identified 72 phylotypes from the urogenital tract and 50 from the anal tract. Twenty-two of these phylotypes were common to both tracts. Phylogenetic analysis of sequenced 16S rDNA showed that 83 % of the phylotypes were unidentified species based on the premise that any sequence possessing ,97 % homology to a known bacterial species or phylotype was novel. Thus, despite the close proximity of the openings of the urogenital and anal tracts within the cloaca, the two sites retained a diverse range of distinct bacteria, with only a small percentage of overlapping species. INTRODUCTIONMetatherian (marsupial) mammals offer a unique biological opportunity to investigate the relationship between the microflora of the urogenital and anal tracts. In contrast to eutherian (placental) mammals, which possess separate openings of the digestive and urogenital systems, most marsupials possess a common posterior chamber for these systems -the cloaca (Tyndale-Briscoe, 2005; Fig. 1). This structural feature might imply that bacteria from one tract have easy access to the other. To date, the bacteria associated with these two sites have not been studied in marsupials, although in humans it has been noted that the bacteria of the urogenital tract may vary and can be influenced by bacteria growing in the anal tract and thus occasionally can cause urogenital disease (Reid et al., 2001;Tannock, 1999).The tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, is regarded as a model marsupial (Tyndale-Briscoe, 2005) with more than 30 years of fundamental research into its basic biology. Despite this, little is known about the bacterial populations of this animal, all published studies having used culture-based methods that are known to be biased in favour of a small percentage of the total microbiome (Hume, 1999; Lentle et al., 2006;Old & Deane, 1998;Yadav et al., 1972).In this study we used molecular-based methods targeting the 16S rDNA gene to document the bacteria at the openings of the urogenital and anal tracts of 42 female tammar wallabies and undertook a comprehensive comparison of the major phylotypes and their diversity. This is believed to be the first extensive report of the bacterial species within the openings of these two tracts in any marsupial. The results showed that despite the close anatomical proximity of the openings of these tracts, each opening possessed a diverse and complex bacterial population comprising mainly unidentified species.Abbreviations: ARDRA, amplified rDNA restriction analysis; T-...

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“…The mosaic tet(W/N/W) gene characterized above was also initially reported in a mobilizable element called ATE-1 (35). A comparison of the original ATE-1 element of Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes with insert IN-02 revealed extensive sequence homology upstream of tet(W/N/W), including the mob gene and the oriT region known to be essential for ATE-1 mobility (35), as well as a putative integrase (Fig.…”

Section: 5) the Name Tet(w/n/w) Was Assigned To This Gene Tet(w/nmentioning

confidence: 76%

Diversity of the Tetracycline Mobilome within a Chinese Pig Manure Sample

Leclercq

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Tetracycline antibiotics are widely used in livestock, and tetracycline resistance genes (TRG) are frequently reported in the manure of farmed animals. However, the diversity of TRG-carrying transposons in manure has still been rarely investigated. Using a culture-free functional metagenomic procedure, combined with large-insert library construction and sequencing, bioinformatic analyses, and functional experiments, we identified 17 distinct TRGs in a single pig manure sample, including two new tet genes: tet(59), encoding a tetracycline efflux pump, and tet(W/N/W), encoding mosaic ribosomal protection. Our study also revealed six new TRG-carrying putative nonconjugative transposons: Tn5706-like transposon Tn6298, IS200/605-related transposon Tn6303, Tn3 family transposon Tn6299, and three ISCR2-related transposons, Tn62300, Tn62301, and Tn62302. IMPORTANCEFertilization of agricultural fields with animal manure is believed to play a major role in antibiotic resistance dissemination in the environment. There is growing concern for the possible spread of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans since genetic resistance determinants may be located in transposons and other mobile genetic elements potentially transferable to pathogens. Among the various antibiotic resistance genes found in manure, tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) are some of the most common. The present study provides a detailed snapshot of the tetracycline mobilome in a single pig manure sample, revealing an unappreciated diversity of TRGs and potential TRG mobility vectors. Our precise identification of the TRG-carrying units will enable us to investigate in more details their mobility effectiveness. U pon their discovery in the late 1940s, the broad-spectrum efficiency, ease of use, and relatively low price of tetracycline derivatives placed them among the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of infections inside and outside clinics (1, 2). Their extensive use soon also brought the development of high-level resistance in most human pathogens, and tetracycline use progressively decayed in hospitals, especially after new broad-spectrum antibiotics became available (1). More than 40 distinct tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) have been identified, classified according to the mechanism of action of their encoded proteins: energy-dependent efflux of the drug out of the cell, ribosomal protection (since tetracyclines bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein translation), and drug inactivation through enzymatic activity (3). The classical nomenclature has also been challenged by the discovery of mosaic resistance genes resulting from fragment exchange between different genes encoding ribosomal protection (4, 5). Like many other antibiotic resistance genes, TRGs are widely and efficiently disseminated among bacteria through mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Most of them can be found on small nonconjugative transposons that are themselves embedded in conjugative plasmids or transposons (6-10). However, despite the fai...

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Multiple Genetic Elements Carry the Tetracycline Resistance Gene tet (W) in the Animal Pathogen Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

Tetracycline Resistome of the Organic Pig Gut

Tetracycline Resistome of the Organic Pig Gut

The microbiome of the cloacal openings of the urogenital and anal tracts of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii

Diversity of the Tetracycline Mobilome within a Chinese Pig Manure Sample

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