Multiple genes for functional ∆6 fatty acyl desaturases (Fad) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): Gene and cDNA characterization, functional expression, tissue distribution and nutritional regulation

Abstract

Fish are the primary source in the human food basket of the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoate (DHA;, that are crucial to the health of higher vertebrates. Atlantic salmon are able to synthesis EPA and DHA from 18:3n-3 through reactions catalyzed by fatty acyl desaturases (Fad) and elongases of very long fatty acids (Elovl). Previously, two cDNAs encoding functionally distinct Δ5 and Δ6 Fads were isolated, but screening of a genomic DNA library revealed the existence of more putative fad genes in the Atlantic salmon genome. In the present study, we show that there are at least four genes encoding putative Fad proteins in Atlantic salmon. Two genes, Δ6fad_a and Δ5fad, corresponded to the previously cloned Δ6 and Δ5 Fad cDNAs. Functional characterization by heterologous expression in yeast showed that the cDNAs for both the two further putative fad genes, Δ6fad_b and Δ6fad_c, had only Δ6 activity, converting 47 and 12 % of 18:3n-3 to 18:4n-3, and 25 and 7 % of 18:2n-6 to 18:3n-6, for ∆6Fad_b and Δ6Fad_c, respectively. Both ∆6fad_a and ∆6fad_b genes were highly expressed in intestine (pyloric caeca), liver and brain, with ∆6fad_b also highly expressed in gill, whereas ∆6fad_c transcript was found predominantly in brain, with lower expression levels in all other tissues. The expression levels of the ∆6fad_a gene in liver and the ∆6fad_b gene in intestine were significantly higher in fish fed diets containing vegetable oil compared to fish fed fish oil suggesting up-regulation in response to reduced dietary EPA and DHA. In contrast, no significant differences were found between transcript levels for ∆6fad_a in intestine, ∆6fad_b in liver, or ∆6fad_c in liver or intestine of fish fed vegetable oil compared to fish fed fish oil. The observed differences in tissue expression and nutritional regulation of the fad genes were discussed in relation to gene structures and fish physiology.3

Biosynthesis of very long-chain fatty acids (C>24) in Atlantic salmon: Cloning, functional characterisation, and tissue distribution of an Elovl4 elongase

“…6). Together with the conversions previously described for the fatty acyl desaturases Monroig et al, 2010b) and the Elovl2 and Elovl5 elongases Morais et al, 2009), the Elovl4 is now expanding the biosynthetic pathway. It is noteworthy that Atlantic salmon Elovl4, as Elovl2, may participate in the biosynthesis of DHA, as it is able to convert 22:5n-3 to 24:5n-3, which can be further Δ6--desaturated to 24:6n-3 that subsequently is chain-shortened to DHA (Sprecher, 2000).…”

“…The search for a more sustainable candidate to replace fish oil is currently a major concern in aquaculture due to the dramatic depletion of wild fish stocks, which paradoxically are the source of traditional dietary lipid used in aquaculture. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of PUFA and VLC-FA in salmon, and significant advances have been made in recent years with the molecular cloning and functional characterisation of several genes encoding fatty acyl desaturases (Fad) Monroig et al, 2010b), and elongases including Elovl5 and Elovl2 Morais et al, 2009). …”

Insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of Fad and Elovl gene families in Actiniaria

“…Research investigating the Fad and Elovl gene families that desaturate and elongate LC‐PUFAs has largely been restricted to bilaterian taxa (Carmona‐Antoñanzas et al., 2011; Castro et al., 2012; Fonseca‐Madrigal et al., 2014; Kabeya et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Li et al., 2010; Mohd‐Yusof et al., 2010; Monroig, Guinot, et al., 2012; Monroig, Navarro, et al., 2012; Monroig, Webb, et al., 2011; Monroig et al., 2010, 2016, 2017, 2013; Morais et al., 2009; Surm et al., 2015). We have investigated the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of the Fad and Elovl gene families in phylum Cnidaria, to provide insights into evolution and the distribution of these gene families in Metazoa outside of bilaterian taxa.…”

Diversification of substrate specificities in teleostei Fads2: characterization of Δ4 and Δ6Δ5 desaturases of Chirostoma estor

“…Mammalian FADS1 encodes a desaturase with ⌬ 5 activity, whereas FADS2 encodes a ⌬ 6 desaturase ( 35 ). Consistently, the majority of teleostei Fads2s are typically ⌬ 6 desaturases ( 11,15,16,21,22,26,27,30 ). Additionally, however, some teleost Fads2s have been functionally characterized as ⌬ 5 ( 13 ), ⌬ 4 ( 4, 5 ), and bifunctional ⌬ 6/ ⌬ 5 ( 4, 9 ) desaturases.…”