Multiple evolutionary origins of high mountain bellflowers with solitary flowers and calyx scales render a core Caucasian clade of the Scapiflorae group (Campanulaceae)

The evolutionary heritage and ecological uniqueness of Scots pine in the Caucasus ecoregion is at risk of climate changes

“…The genetic distinctiveness of Scots pine populations from the Greater and the Lesser Caucasus reported here is also known for other species, despite the relatively close distance between both mountain ranges, which is less than 100 km [89][90][91][92] . The main barrier for gene flow retrieved with the EEMS analysis encompasses mostly the western part of the South Caucasus (Fig.…”

Supplementary material 4 from: Silakadze N, Mosulishvili M, Borsch T, Kilian N (2024) The polyphyletic Caucasus-centred Campanula subg. Scapiflorae (Campanulaceae) revisited with a newly circumscribed C. sect. Tridentatae for its core clade. PhytoKeys 243: 149-184. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.243.120908

“…Oganesian, is mainly endemic to the Caucasus. The group is characterised by single flowers, basal leaf rosettes and preference of alpine and subalpine habitats with rocky substrate (Silakadze et al 2019). Sharing reflexed appendages between the calyx lobes and 3-locular capsules dehiscing down to the base led Fedorov (1957) to conclude that they belong to the core of Campanula.…”

“…In the most recent treatment Victorov (2001Victorov ( , 2002 recognized 11 species with seven subspecies. Whereas Mansion et al (2012) just placed several of these species in one of the major Campanula clades (CAM 17), the addition of further molecular characters by Jones et al (2017) and Silakadze et al (2019) revealed many of them as part of a well-supported subclade of CAM 17, whereas others appeared distantly. However, several species hitherto classified in Scapiflorae remained unsampled.…”

“…Bieb., are distributed in North-East Asia. Moreover, recent phylogenetic studies (Silakadze et al 2019) revealed that C. ciliata Steven, the type of the name C. subg. Scapiflorae, is only distantly related to the core clade of this group, and more closely related to C. latifolia, the type species of the name Campanula.…”

“…The present paper has three aims: Based on a considerably increased sampling of Campanula species in the Caucasus region and species previously assigned to C. subg. Scapiflorae (1) to further evaluate the composition of the Scapiflorae clade (in the sense of Silakadze et al 2019)…”