Multiple dynamic Al-based floc layers on ultrafiltration membrane surfaces for humic acid and reservoir water fouling reduction

Approaching the environmental problem of microplastics: Importance of WWTP treatments

“…Coagulation-flocculation is a chemical water treatment process typically applied before a physical separation (usually sedimentation or filtration) in order to improve its performance. Coagulation consists in the destabilization of colloidal particles, whereas flocculation is the agglomeration of these destabilized particles into microfloc and then into bulky floccules by the addition of chemical reagents (coagulants and flocculants) (Baptista et al, 2015;Bratby, 2016;Lee et al, 2012;Ma et al, 2018;Te et al, 2016). Some factors, mainly pH and concentration of chemical reagents, are determining for optimising the coagulation-flocculation process.…”

Algae-Laden Fouling Control by Gravity-Driven Membrane Ultrafiltration with Aluminum Sulfate-Chitosan: The Property of Floc and Cake Layer

“…From the result in Figure 5, it can be concluded that the polymeric chain in CS can adsorb humic-like substances with a MW of 3-100 kDa, resulting in a lower concentration of DOC in permeate. Both CS and humic-like substances together formed the small aggregations on the cake layer surface, which not only avoided membrane pore blockage, but contributed to the proliferation of microorganisms [40,41]. The microorganisms attached to the aggregations exploit humic-like substances as the carbon sources and biodegrade them [42].…”

Retention of natural organic matter by ultrafiltration and the mitigation of membrane fouling through pre-treatment, membrane enhancement, and cleaning - A review

“…After studying the effect of coagulant for two different samples of surface water, Peleato et al [232] found that low doses (ă1 mg/L) of coagulant significantly reduced irreversible fouling [210]. In contrast, an increased dosage of coagulant aid may cause severe membrane 710 fouling [233,234]. An increase in the concentration of NOM may also challenge its effectiveness as a strategy in controlling fouling, further stressing the need to optimize coagulant type and dosages, the need to combine it with other pre-treatments, and the need for more efficient coagulants.…”